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Class::C3(3pm) - phpMan
Class::C3(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation Class::C3(3pm)
NAME
Class::C3 - A pragma to use the C3 method resolution order algorithm
SYNOPSIS
# NOTE - DO NOT USE Class::C3 directly as a user, use MRO::Compat instead!
package ClassA;
use Class::C3;
sub hello { 'A::hello' }
package ClassB;
use base 'ClassA';
use Class::C3;
package ClassC;
use base 'ClassA';
use Class::C3;
sub hello { 'C::hello' }
package ClassD;
use base ('ClassB', 'ClassC');
use Class::C3;
# Classic Diamond MI pattern
# <A>
# / \
# <B> <C>
# \ /
# <D>
package main;
# initializez the C3 module
# (formerly called in INIT)
Class::C3::initialize();
print join ', ' => Class::C3::calculateMRO('ClassD'); # prints ClassD, ClassB, ClassC, ClassA
print ClassD->hello(); # prints 'C::hello' instead of the standard p5 'A::hello'
ClassD->can('hello')->(); # can() also works correctly
UNIVERSAL::can('ClassD', 'hello'); # as does UNIVERSAL::can()
DESCRIPTION
This is pragma to change Perl 5's standard method resolution order from depth-first left-
to-right (a.k.a - pre-order) to the more sophisticated C3 method resolution order.
NOTE: YOU SHOULD NOT USE THIS MODULE DIRECTLY - The feature provided is integrated into
perl version >= 5.9.5, and you should use MRO::Compat instead, which will use the core
implementation in newer perls, but fallback to using this implementation on older perls.
What is C3?
C3 is the name of an algorithm which aims to provide a sane method resolution order under
multiple inheritance. It was first introduced in the language Dylan (see links in the "SEE
ALSO" section), and then later adopted as the preferred MRO (Method Resolution Order) for
the new-style classes in Python 2.3. Most recently it has been adopted as the 'canonical'
MRO for Perl 6 classes, and the default MRO for Parrot objects as well.
How does C3 work.
C3 works by always preserving local precedence ordering. This essentially means that no
class will appear before any of its subclasses. Take the classic diamond inheritance
pattern for instance:
<A>
/ \
<B> <C>
\ /
<D>
The standard Perl 5 MRO would be (D, B, A, C). The result being that A appears before C,
even though C is the subclass of A. The C3 MRO algorithm however, produces the following
MRO (D, B, C, A), which does not have this same issue.
This example is fairly trivial, for more complex examples and a deeper explanation, see
the links in the "SEE ALSO" section.
How does this module work?
This module uses a technique similar to Perl 5's method caching. When
"Class::C3::initialize" is called, this module calculates the MRO of all the classes which
called "use Class::C3". It then gathers information from the symbol tables of each of
those classes, and builds a set of method aliases for the correct dispatch ordering. Once
all these C3-based method tables are created, it then adds the method aliases into the
local classes symbol table.
The end result is actually classes with pre-cached method dispatch. However, this caching
does not do well if you start changing your @ISA or messing with class symbol tables, so
you should consider your classes to be effectively closed. See the CAVEATS section for
more details.
OPTIONAL LOWERCASE PRAGMA
This release also includes an optional module c3 in the opt/ folder. I did not include
this in the regular install since lowercase module names are considered "bad" by some
people. However I think that code looks much nicer like this:
package MyClass;
use c3;
This is more clunky:
package MyClass;
use Class::C3;
But hey, it's your choice, that's why it is optional.
FUNCTIONS
calculateMRO ($class)
Given a $class this will return an array of class names in the proper C3 method
resolution order.
initialize
This must be called to initialize the C3 method dispatch tables, this module will not
work if you do not do this. It is advised to do this as soon as possible after loading
any classes which use C3. Here is a quick code example:
package Foo;
use Class::C3;
# ... Foo methods here
package Bar;
use Class::C3;
use base 'Foo';
# ... Bar methods here
package main;
Class::C3::initialize(); # now it is safe to use Foo and Bar
This function used to be called automatically for you in the INIT phase of the perl
compiler, but that lead to warnings if this module was required at runtime. After
discussion with my user base (the DBIx::Class folks), we decided that calling this in
INIT was more of an annoyance than a convenience. I apologize to anyone this causes
problems for (although I would be very surprised if I had any other users other than
the DBIx::Class folks). The simplest solution of course is to define your own INIT
method which calls this function.
NOTE:
If "initialize" detects that "initialize" has already been executed, it will
"uninitialize" and clear the MRO cache first.
uninitialize
Calling this function results in the removal of all cached methods, and the
restoration of the old Perl 5 style dispatch order (depth-first, left-to-right).
reinitialize
This is an alias for "initialize" above.
METHOD REDISPATCHING
It is always useful to be able to re-dispatch your method call to the "next most
applicable method". This module provides a pseudo package along the lines of "SUPER::" or
"NEXT::" which will re-dispatch the method along the C3 linearization. This is best shown
with an example.
# a classic diamond MI pattern ...
# <A>
# / \
# <B> <C>
# \ /
# <D>
package A;
use c3;
sub foo { 'A::foo' }
package B;
use base 'A';
use c3;
sub foo { 'B::foo => ' . (shift)->next::method() }
package C;
use base 'A';
use c3;
sub foo { 'C::foo => ' . (shift)->next::method() }
package D;
use base ('B', 'C');
use c3;
sub foo { 'D::foo => ' . (shift)->next::method() }
print D->foo; # prints out "D::foo => B::foo => C::foo => A::foo"
A few things to note. First, we do not require you to add on the method name to the
"next::method" call (this is unlike "NEXT::" and "SUPER::" which do require that). This
helps to enforce the rule that you cannot dispatch to a method of a different name (this
is how "NEXT::" behaves as well).
The next thing to keep in mind is that you will need to pass all arguments to
"next::method". It can not automatically use the current @_.
If "next::method" cannot find a next method to re-dispatch the call to, it will throw an
exception. You can use "next::can" to see if "next::method" will succeed before you call
it like so:
$self->next::method(@_) if $self->next::can;
Additionally, you can use "maybe::next::method" as a shortcut to only call the next method
if it exists. The previous example could be simply written as:
$self->maybe::next::method(@_);
There are some caveats about using "next::method", see below for those.
CAVEATS
This module used to be labeled as experimental, however it has now been pretty heavily
tested by the good folks over at DBIx::Class and I am confident this module is perfectly
usable for whatever your needs might be.
But there are still caveats, so here goes ...
Use of "SUPER::".
The idea of "SUPER::" under multiple inheritance is ambiguous, and generally not
recommended anyway. However, its use in conjunction with this module is very much not
recommended, and in fact very discouraged. The recommended approach is to instead use
the supplied "next::method" feature, see more details on its usage above.
Changing @ISA.
It is the author's opinion that changing @ISA at runtime is pure insanity anyway.
However, people do it, so I must caveat. Any changes to the @ISA will not be reflected
in the MRO calculated by this module, and therefore probably won't even show up. If
you do this, you will need to call "reinitialize" in order to recalculate all method
dispatch tables. See the "reinitialize" documentation and an example in
t/20_reinitialize.t for more information.
Adding/deleting methods from class symbol tables.
This module calculates the MRO for each requested class by interrogating the symbol
tables of said classes. So any symbol table manipulation which takes place after our
INIT phase is run will not be reflected in the calculated MRO. Just as with changing
the @ISA, you will need to call "reinitialize" for any changes you make to take
effect.
Calling "next::method" from methods defined outside the class
There is an edge case when using "next::method" from within a subroutine which was
created in a different module than the one it is called from. It sounds complicated,
but it really isn't. Here is an example which will not work correctly:
*Foo::foo = sub { (shift)->next::method(@_) };
The problem exists because the anonymous subroutine being assigned to the glob
*Foo::foo will show up in the call stack as being called "__ANON__" and not "foo" as
you might expect. Since "next::method" uses "caller" to find the name of the method it
was called in, it will fail in this case.
But fear not, there is a simple solution. The module "Sub::Name" will reach into the
perl internals and assign a name to an anonymous subroutine for you. Simply do this:
use Sub::Name 'subname';
*Foo::foo = subname 'Foo::foo' => sub { (shift)->next::method(@_) };
and things will Just Work. Of course this is not always possible to do, but to be
honest, I just can't manage to find a workaround for it, so until someone gives me a
working patch this will be a known limitation of this module.
COMPATIBILITY
If your software requires Perl 5.9.5 or higher, you do not need Class::C3, you can simply
"use mro 'c3'", and not worry about "initialize()", avoid some of the above caveats, and
get the best possible performance. See mro for more details.
If your software is meant to work on earlier Perls, use Class::C3 as documented here.
Class::C3 will detect Perl 5.9.5+ and take advantage of the core support when available.
Class::C3::XS
This module will load Class::C3::XS if it's installed and you are running on a Perl
version older than 5.9.5. The optional module will be automatically installed for you if
a C compiler is available, as it results in significant performance improvements (but
unlike the 5.9.5+ core support, it still has all of the same caveats as Class::C3).
CODE COVERAGE
Devel::Cover was reporting 94.4% overall test coverage earlier in this module's life.
Currently, the test suite does things that break under coverage testing, but it is fair to
assume the coverage is still close to that value.
SEE ALSO
The original Dylan paper
<http://www.webcom.com/haahr/dylan/linearization-oopsla96.html>
The prototype Perl 6 Object Model uses C3
<http://svn.openfoundry.org/pugs/perl5/Perl6-MetaModel/>
Parrot now uses C3
<http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Message/perl6-internals/2746631>
<http://use.perl.org/~autrijus/journal/25768>
Python 2.3 MRO related links
<http://www.python.org/2.3/mro.html>
<http://www.python.org/2.2.2/descrintro.html#mro>
C3 for TinyCLOS
<http://www.call-with-current-continuation.org/eggs/c3.html>
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
Thanks to Matt S. Trout for using this module in his module DBIx::Class and finding many
bugs and providing fixes.
Thanks to Justin Guenther for making "next::method" more robust by handling calls inside
"eval" and anon-subs.
Thanks to Robert Norris for adding support for "next::can" and "maybe::next::method".
AUTHOR
Stevan Little, <stevan AT iinteractive.com>
Brandon L. Black, <blblack AT gmail.com>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 2005, 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
<http://www.iinteractive.com>
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.18.2 2014-03-04 Class::C3(3pm)
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