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GITIGNORE(5) Git Manual GITIGNORE(5)
NAME
gitignore - Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore
SYNOPSIS
$HOME/.config/git/ignore, $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore
DESCRIPTION
A gitignore file specifies intentionally untracked files that Git should ignore. Files
already tracked by Git are not affected; see the NOTES below for details.
Each line in a gitignore file specifies a pattern. When deciding whether to ignore a path,
Git normally checks gitignore patterns from multiple sources, with the following order of
precedence, from highest to lowest (within one level of precedence, the last matching
pattern decides the outcome):
· Patterns read from the command line for those commands that support them.
· Patterns read from a .gitignore file in the same directory as the path, or in any
parent directory, with patterns in the higher level files (up to the toplevel of the
work tree) being overridden by those in lower level files down to the directory
containing the file. These patterns match relative to the location of the .gitignore
file. A project normally includes such .gitignore files in its repository, containing
patterns for files generated as part of the project build.
· Patterns read from $GIT_DIR/info/exclude.
· Patterns read from the file specified by the configuration variable core.excludesfile.
Which file to place a pattern in depends on how the pattern is meant to be used.
· Patterns which should be version-controlled and distributed to other repositories via
clone (i.e., files that all developers will want to ignore) should go into a
.gitignore file.
· Patterns which are specific to a particular repository but which do not need to be
shared with other related repositories (e.g., auxiliary files that live inside the
repository but are specific to one user’s workflow) should go into the
$GIT_DIR/info/exclude file.
· Patterns which a user wants Git to ignore in all situations (e.g., backup or temporary
files generated by the user’s editor of choice) generally go into a file specified by
core.excludesfile in the user’s ~/.gitconfig. Its default value is
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or empty,
$HOME/.config/git/ignore is used instead.
The underlying Git plumbing tools, such as git ls-files and git read-tree, read gitignore
patterns specified by command-line options, or from files specified by command-line
options. Higher-level Git tools, such as git status and git add, use patterns from the
sources specified above.
PATTERN FORMAT
· A blank line matches no files, so it can serve as a separator for readability.
· A line starting with # serves as a comment. Put a backslash ("\") in front of the
first hash for patterns that begin with a hash.
· Trailing spaces are ignored unless they are quoted with backslash ("\").
· An optional prefix "!" which negates the pattern; any matching file excluded by a
previous pattern will become included again. It is not possible to re-include a file
if a parent directory of that file is excluded. Git doesn’t list excluded directories
for performance reasons, so any patterns on contained files have no effect, no matter
where they are defined. Put a backslash ("\") in front of the first "!" for patterns
that begin with a literal "!", for example, "\!important!.txt".
· If the pattern ends with a slash, it is removed for the purpose of the following
description, but it would only find a match with a directory. In other words, foo/
will match a directory foo and paths underneath it, but will not match a regular file
or a symbolic link foo (this is consistent with the way how pathspec works in general
in Git).
· If the pattern does not contain a slash /, Git treats it as a shell glob pattern and
checks for a match against the pathname relative to the location of the .gitignore
file (relative to the toplevel of the work tree if not from a .gitignore file).
· Otherwise, Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for consumption by
fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag: wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in
the pathname. For example, "Documentation/*.html" matches "Documentation/git.html" but
not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html" or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html".
· A leading slash matches the beginning of the pathname. For example, "/*.c" matches
"cat-file.c" but not "mozilla-sha1/sha1.c".
Two consecutive asterisks ("**") in patterns matched against full pathname may have
special meaning:
· A leading "**" followed by a slash means match in all directories. For example,
"**/foo" matches file or directory "foo" anywhere, the same as pattern "foo".
"**/foo/bar" matches file or directory "bar" anywhere that is directly under directory
"foo".
· A trailing "/**" matches everything inside. For example, "abc/**" matches all files
inside directory "abc", relative to the location of the .gitignore file, with infinite
depth.
· A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash matches zero or more
directories. For example, "a/**/b" matches "a/b", "a/x/b", "a/x/y/b" and so on.
· Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid.
NOTES
The purpose of gitignore files is to ensure that certain files not tracked by Git remain
untracked.
To ignore uncommitted changes in a file that is already tracked, use git update-index
--assume-unchanged.
To stop tracking a file that is currently tracked, use git rm --cached.
EXAMPLES
$ git status
[...]
# Untracked files:
[...]
# Documentation/foo.html
# Documentation/gitignore.html
# file.o
# lib.a
# src/internal.o
[...]
$ cat .git/info/exclude
# ignore objects and archives, anywhere in the tree.
*.[oa]
$ cat Documentation/.gitignore
# ignore generated html files,
*.html
# except foo.html which is maintained by hand
!foo.html
$ git status
[...]
# Untracked files:
[...]
# Documentation/foo.html
[...]
Another example:
$ cat .gitignore
vmlinux*
$ ls arch/foo/kernel/vm*
arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
$ echo '!/vmlinux*' >arch/foo/kernel/.gitignore
The second .gitignore prevents Git from ignoring arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S.
Example to exclude everything except a specific directory foo/bar (note the /* - without
the slash, the wildcard would also exclude everything within foo/bar):
$ cat .gitignore
# exclude everything except directory foo/bar
/*
!/foo
/foo/*
!/foo/bar
SEE ALSO
git-rm(1), git-update-index(1), gitrepository-layout(5), git-check-ignore(1)
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
Git 2.1.4 05/28/2018 GITIGNORE(5)
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