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SSH_CONFIG(5)                        BSD File Formats Manual                        SSH_CONFIG(5)

NAME
     ssh_config — OpenSSH SSH client configuration files

SYNOPSIS
     ~/.ssh/config
     /etc/ssh/ssh_config

DESCRIPTION
     ssh(1) obtains configuration data from the following sources in the following order:

           1.   command-line options
           2.   user's configuration file (~/.ssh/config)
           3.   system-wide configuration file (/etc/ssh/ssh_config)

     For each parameter, the first obtained value will be used.  The configuration files contain
     sections separated by “Host” specifications, and that section is only applied for hosts that
     match one of the patterns given in the specification.  The matched host name is the one
     given on the command line.

     Since the first obtained value for each parameter is used, more host-specific declarations
     should be given near the beginning of the file, and general defaults at the end.

     Note that the Debian openssh-client package sets several options as standard in
     /etc/ssh/ssh_config which are not the default in ssh(1):

           ·   SendEnv LANG LC_*
           ·   HashKnownHosts yes
           ·   GSSAPIAuthentication yes

     The configuration file has the following format:

     Empty lines and lines starting with ‘#’ are comments.  Otherwise a line is of the format
     “keyword arguments”.  Configuration options may be separated by whitespace or optional
     whitespace and exactly one ‘=’; the latter format is useful to avoid the need to quote
     whitespace when specifying configuration options using the ssh, scp, and sftp -o option.
     Arguments may optionally be enclosed in double quotes (") in order to represent arguments
     containing spaces.

     The possible keywords and their meanings are as follows (note that keywords are case-insen‐
     sitive and arguments are case-sensitive):

     Host    Restricts the following declarations (up to the next Host or Match keyword) to be
             only for those hosts that match one of the patterns given after the keyword.  If
             more than one pattern is provided, they should be separated by whitespace.  A single
             ‘*’ as a pattern can be used to provide global defaults for all hosts.  The host is
             the hostname argument given on the command line (i.e. the name is not converted to a
             canonicalized host name before matching).

             A pattern entry may be negated by prefixing it with an exclamation mark (‘!’).  If a
             negated entry is matched, then the Host entry is ignored, regardless of whether any
             other patterns on the line match.  Negated matches are therefore useful to provide
             exceptions for wildcard matches.

             See PATTERNS for more information on patterns.

     Match   Restricts the following declarations (up to the next Host or Match keyword) to be
             used only when the conditions following the Match keyword are satisfied.  Match con‐
             ditions are specified using one or more keyword/criteria pairs or the single token
             all which matches all criteria.  The available keywords are: exec, host,
             originalhost, user, and localuser.

             The exec keyword executes the specified command under the user's shell.  If the com‐
             mand returns a zero exit status then the condition is considered true.  Commands
             containing whitespace characters must be quoted.  The following character sequences
             in the command will be expanded prior to execution: ‘%L’ will be substituted by the
             first component of the local host name, ‘%l’ will be substituted by the local host
             name (including any domain name), ‘%h’ will be substituted by the target host name,
             ‘%n’ will be substituted by the original target host name specified on the command-
             line, ‘%p’ the destination port, ‘%r’ by the remote login username, and ‘%u’ by the
             username of the user running ssh(1).

             The other keywords' criteria must be single entries or comma-separated lists and may
             use the wildcard and negation operators described in the PATTERNS section.  The cri‐
             teria for the host keyword are matched against the target hostname, after any sub‐
             stitution by the Hostname option.  The originalhost keyword matches against the
             hostname as it was specified on the command-line.  The user keyword matches against
             the target username on the remote host.  The localuser keyword matches against the
             name of the local user running ssh(1) (this keyword may be useful in system-wide
             ssh_config files).

     AddressFamily
             Specifies which address family to use when connecting.  Valid arguments are “any”,
             “inet” (use IPv4 only), or “inet6” (use IPv6 only).

     BatchMode
             If set to “yes”, passphrase/password querying will be disabled.  In addition, the
             ServerAliveInterval option will be set to 300 seconds by default.  This option is
             useful in scripts and other batch jobs where no user is present to supply the pass‐
             word, and where it is desirable to detect a broken network swiftly.  The argument
             must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.

     BindAddress
             Use the specified address on the local machine as the source address of the connec‐
             tion.  Only useful on systems with more than one address.  Note that this option
             does not work if UsePrivilegedPort is set to “yes”.

     CanonicalDomains
             When CanonicalizeHostname is enabled, this option specifies the list of domain suf‐
             fixes in which to search for the specified destination host.

     CanonicalizeFallbackLocal
             Specifies whether to fail with an error when hostname canonicalization fails.  The
             default, “yes”, will attempt to look up the unqualified hostname using the system
             resolver's search rules.  A value of “no” will cause ssh(1) to fail instantly if
             CanonicalizeHostname is enabled and the target hostname cannot be found in any of
             the domains specified by CanonicalDomains.

     CanonicalizeHostname
             Controls whether explicit hostname canonicalization is performed.  The default,
             “no”, is not to perform any name rewriting and let the system resolver handle all
             hostname lookups.  If set to “yes” then, for connections that do not use a
             ProxyCommand, ssh(1) will attempt to canonicalize the hostname specified on the com‐
             mand line using the CanonicalDomains suffixes and CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs rules.
             If CanonicalizeHostname is set to “always”, then canonicalization is applied to
             proxied connections too.

             If this option is enabled and canonicalisation results in the target hostname chang‐
             ing, then the configuration files are processed again using the new target name to
             pick up any new configuration in matching Host stanzas.

     CanonicalizeMaxDots
             Specifies the maximum number of dot characters in a hostname before canonicalization
             is disabled.  The default, “1”, allows a single dot (i.e. hostname.subdomain).

     CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs
             Specifies rules to determine whether CNAMEs should be followed when canonicalizing
             hostnames.  The rules consist of one or more arguments of
             source_domain_list:target_domain_list, where source_domain_list is a pattern-list of
             domains that may follow CNAMEs in canonicalization, and target_domain_list is a pat‐
             tern-list of domains that they may resolve to.

             For example, “*.a.example.com:*.b.example.com,*.c.example.com” will allow hostnames
             matching “*.a.example.com” to be canonicalized to names in the “*.b.example.com” or
             “*.c.example.com” domains.

     ChallengeResponseAuthentication
             Specifies whether to use challenge-response authentication.  The argument to this
             keyword must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “yes”.

     CheckHostIP
             If this flag is set to “yes”, ssh(1) will additionally check the host IP address in
             the known_hosts file.  This allows ssh to detect if a host key changed due to DNS
             spoofing.  If the option is set to “no”, the check will not be executed.  The
             default is “yes”.

     Cipher  Specifies the cipher to use for encrypting the session in protocol version 1.  Cur‐
             rently, “blowfish”, “3des”, and “des” are supported.  des is only supported in the
             ssh(1) client for interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations that do
             not support the 3des cipher.  Its use is strongly discouraged due to cryptographic
             weaknesses.  The default is “3des”.

     Ciphers
             Specifies the ciphers allowed for protocol version 2 in order of preference.  Multi‐
             ple ciphers must be comma-separated.  The supported ciphers are:

                   3des-cbc
                   aes128-cbc
                   aes192-cbc
                   aes256-cbc
                   aes128-ctr
                   aes192-ctr
                   aes256-ctr
                   aes128-gcm AT openssh.com
                   aes256-gcm AT openssh.com
                   arcfour
                   arcfour128
                   arcfour256
                   blowfish-cbc
                   cast128-cbc
                   chacha20-poly1305 AT openssh.com

             The default is:

                   aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,
                   aes128-gcm AT openssh.com,aes256-gcm AT openssh.com,
                   chacha20-poly1305 AT openssh.com,
                   arcfour256,arcfour128,
                   aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,
                   aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour

             The list of available ciphers may also be obtained using the -Q option of ssh(1).

     ClearAllForwardings
             Specifies that all local, remote, and dynamic port forwardings specified in the con‐
             figuration files or on the command line be cleared.  This option is primarily useful
             when used from the ssh(1) command line to clear port forwardings set in configura‐
             tion files, and is automatically set by scp(1) and sftp(1).  The argument must be
             “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.

     Compression
             Specifies whether to use compression.  The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The
             default is “no”.

     CompressionLevel
             Specifies the compression level to use if compression is enabled.  The argument must
             be an integer from 1 (fast) to 9 (slow, best).  The default level is 6, which is
             good for most applications.  The meaning of the values is the same as in gzip(1).
             Note that this option applies to protocol version 1 only.

     ConnectionAttempts
             Specifies the number of tries (one per second) to make before exiting.  The argument
             must be an integer.  This may be useful in scripts if the connection sometimes
             fails.  The default is 1.

     ConnectTimeout
             Specifies the timeout (in seconds) used when connecting to the SSH server, instead
             of using the default system TCP timeout.  This value is used only when the target is
             down or really unreachable, not when it refuses the connection.

     ControlMaster
             Enables the sharing of multiple sessions over a single network connection.  When set
             to “yes”, ssh(1) will listen for connections on a control socket specified using the
             ControlPath argument.  Additional sessions can connect to this socket using the same
             ControlPath with ControlMaster set to “no” (the default).  These sessions will try
             to reuse the master instance's network connection rather than initiating new ones,
             but will fall back to connecting normally if the control socket does not exist, or
             is not listening.

             Setting this to “ask” will cause ssh to listen for control connections, but require
             confirmation using the SSH_ASKPASS program before they are accepted (see ssh-add(1)
             for details).  If the ControlPath cannot be opened, ssh will continue without con‐
             necting to a master instance.

             X11 and ssh-agent(1) forwarding is supported over these multiplexed connections,
             however the display and agent forwarded will be the one belonging to the master con‐
             nection i.e. it is not possible to forward multiple displays or agents.

             Two additional options allow for opportunistic multiplexing: try to use a master
             connection but fall back to creating a new one if one does not already exist.  These
             options are: “auto” and “autoask”.  The latter requires confirmation like the “ask”
             option.

     ControlPath
             Specify the path to the control socket used for connection sharing as described in
             the ControlMaster section above or the string “none” to disable connection sharing.
             In the path, ‘%L’ will be substituted by the first component of the local host name,
             ‘%l’ will be substituted by the local host name (including any domain name), ‘%h’
             will be substituted by the target host name, ‘%n’ will be substituted by the origi‐
             nal target host name specified on the command line, ‘%p’ the destination port, ‘%r’
             by the remote login username, ‘%u’ by the username of the user running ssh(1), and
             ‘%C’ by a hash of the concatenation: %l%h%p%r.  It is recommended that any
             ControlPath used for opportunistic connection sharing include at least %h, %p, and
             %r (or alternatively %C).  This ensures that shared connections are uniquely identi‐
             fied.

     ControlPersist
             When used in conjunction with ControlMaster, specifies that the master connection
             should remain open in the background (waiting for future client connections) after
             the initial client connection has been closed.  If set to “no”, then the master con‐
             nection will not be placed into the background, and will close as soon as the ini‐
             tial client connection is closed.  If set to “yes”, then the master connection will
             remain in the background indefinitely (until killed or closed via a mechanism such
             as the ssh(1) “-O exit” option).  If set to a time in seconds, or a time in any of
             the formats documented in sshd_config(5), then the backgrounded master connection
             will automatically terminate after it has remained idle (with no client connections)
             for the specified time.

     DynamicForward
             Specifies that a TCP port on the local machine be forwarded over the secure channel,
             and the application protocol is then used to determine where to connect to from the
             remote machine.

             The argument must be [bind_address:]port.  IPv6 addresses can be specified by
             enclosing addresses in square brackets.  By default, the local port is bound in
             accordance with the GatewayPorts setting.  However, an explicit bind_address may be
             used to bind the connection to a specific address.  The bind_address of “localhost”
             indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an empty
             address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.

             Currently the SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and ssh(1) will act as a
             SOCKS server.  Multiple forwardings may be specified, and additional forwardings can
             be given on the command line.  Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.

     EnableSSHKeysign
             Setting this option to “yes” in the global client configuration file
             /etc/ssh/ssh_config enables the use of the helper program ssh-keysign(8) during
             HostbasedAuthentication.  The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.
             This option should be placed in the non-hostspecific section.  See ssh-keysign(8)
             for more information.

     EscapeChar
             Sets the escape character (default: ‘~’).  The escape character can also be set on
             the command line.  The argument should be a single character, ‘^’ followed by a let‐
             ter, or “none” to disable the escape character entirely (making the connection
             transparent for binary data).

     ExitOnForwardFailure
             Specifies whether ssh(1) should terminate the connection if it cannot set up all
             requested dynamic, tunnel, local, and remote port forwardings.  The argument must be
             “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.

     ForwardAgent
             Specifies whether the connection to the authentication agent (if any) will be for‐
             warded to the remote machine.  The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is
             “no”.

             Agent forwarding should be enabled with caution.  Users with the ability to bypass
             file permissions on the remote host (for the agent's Unix-domain socket) can access
             the local agent through the forwarded connection.  An attacker cannot obtain key
             material from the agent, however they can perform operations on the keys that enable
             them to authenticate using the identities loaded into the agent.

     ForwardX11
             Specifies whether X11 connections will be automatically redirected over the secure
             channel and DISPLAY set.  The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.

             X11 forwarding should be enabled with caution.  Users with the ability to bypass
             file permissions on the remote host (for the user's X11 authorization database) can
             access the local X11 display through the forwarded connection.  An attacker may then
             be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring if the ForwardX11Trusted
             option is also enabled.

     ForwardX11Timeout
             Specify a timeout for untrusted X11 forwarding using the format described in the
             TIME FORMATS section of sshd_config(5).  X11 connections received by ssh(1) after
             this time will be refused.  The default is to disable untrusted X11 forwarding after
             twenty minutes has elapsed.

     ForwardX11Trusted
             If this option is set to “yes”, remote X11 clients will have full access to the
             original X11 display.

             If this option is set to “no”, remote X11 clients will be considered untrusted and
             prevented from stealing or tampering with data belonging to trusted X11 clients.
             Furthermore, the xauth(1) token used for the session will be set to expire after 20
             minutes.  Remote clients will be refused access after this time.

             The default is “yes” (Debian-specific).

             See the X11 SECURITY extension specification for full details on the restrictions
             imposed on untrusted clients.

     GatewayPorts
             Specifies whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to local forwarded ports.  By
             default, ssh(1) binds local port forwardings to the loopback address.  This prevents
             other remote hosts from connecting to forwarded ports.  GatewayPorts can be used to
             specify that ssh should bind local port forwardings to the wildcard address, thus
             allowing remote hosts to connect to forwarded ports.  The argument must be “yes” or
             “no”.  The default is “no”.

     GlobalKnownHostsFile
             Specifies one or more files to use for the global host key database, separated by
             whitespace.  The default is /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts, /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2.

     GSSAPIAuthentication
             Specifies whether user authentication based on GSSAPI is allowed.  The default is
             “no”.  Note that this option applies to protocol version 2 only.

     GSSAPIKeyExchange
             Specifies whether key exchange based on GSSAPI may be used. When using GSSAPI key
             exchange the server need not have a host key.  The default is “no”.  Note that this
             option applies to protocol version 2 only.

     GSSAPIClientIdentity
             If set, specifies the GSSAPI client identity that ssh should use when connecting to
             the server. The default is unset, which means that the default identity will be
             used.

     GSSAPIServerIdentity
             If set, specifies the GSSAPI server identity that ssh should expect when connecting
             to the server. The default is unset, which means that the expected GSSAPI server
             identity will be determined from the target hostname.

     GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
             Forward (delegate) credentials to the server.  The default is “no”.  Note that this
             option applies to protocol version 2 connections using GSSAPI.

     GSSAPIRenewalForcesRekey
             If set to “yes” then renewal of the client's GSSAPI credentials will force the
             rekeying of the ssh connection. With a compatible server, this can delegate the
             renewed credentials to a session on the server.  The default is “no”.

     GSSAPITrustDns
             Set to “yes to indicate that the DNS is trusted to securely canonicalize” the name
             of the host being connected to. If “no, the hostname entered on the” command line
             will be passed untouched to the GSSAPI library.  The default is “no”.  This option
             only applies to protocol version 2 connections using GSSAPI.

     HashKnownHosts
             Indicates that ssh(1) should hash host names and addresses when they are added to
             ~/.ssh/known_hosts.  These hashed names may be used normally by ssh(1) and sshd(8),
             but they do not reveal identifying information should the file's contents be dis‐
             closed.  The default is “no”.  Note that existing names and addresses in known hosts
             files will not be converted automatically, but may be manually hashed using
             ssh-keygen(1).  Use of this option may break facilities such as tab-completion that
             rely on being able to read unhashed host names from ~/.ssh/known_hosts.

     HostbasedAuthentication
             Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication with public key authentication.
             The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.  This option applies to
             protocol version 2 only and is similar to RhostsRSAAuthentication.

     HostKeyAlgorithms
             Specifies the protocol version 2 host key algorithms that the client wants to use in
             order of preference.  The default for this option is:

                ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01 AT openssh.com,
                ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01 AT openssh.com,
                ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01 AT openssh.com,
                ssh-ed25519-cert-v01 AT openssh.com,
                ssh-rsa-cert-v01 AT openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v01 AT openssh.com,
                ssh-rsa-cert-v00 AT openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v00 AT openssh.com,
                ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,
                ssh-ed25519,ssh-rsa,ssh-dss

             If hostkeys are known for the destination host then this default is modified to pre‐
             fer their algorithms.

     HostKeyAlias
             Specifies an alias that should be used instead of the real host name when looking up
             or saving the host key in the host key database files.  This option is useful for
             tunneling SSH connections or for multiple servers running on a single host.

     HostName
             Specifies the real host name to log into.  This can be used to specify nicknames or
             abbreviations for hosts.  If the hostname contains the character sequence ‘%h’, then
             this will be replaced with the host name specified on the command line (this is use‐
             ful for manipulating unqualified names).  The character sequence ‘%%’ will be
             replaced by a single ‘%’ character, which may be used when specifying IPv6 link-
             local addresses.

             The default is the name given on the command line.  Numeric IP addresses are also
             permitted (both on the command line and in HostName specifications).

     IdentitiesOnly
             Specifies that ssh(1) should only use the authentication identity files configured
             in the ssh_config files, even if ssh-agent(1) or a PKCS11Provider offers more iden‐
             tities.  The argument to this keyword must be “yes” or “no”.  This option is
             intended for situations where ssh-agent offers many different identities.  The
             default is “no”.

     IdentityFile
             Specifies a file from which the user's DSA, ECDSA, ED25519 or RSA authentication
             identity is read.  The default is ~/.ssh/identity for protocol version 1, and
             ~/.ssh/id_dsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and ~/.ssh/id_rsa for protocol
             version 2.  Additionally, any identities represented by the authentication agent
             will be used for authentication unless IdentitiesOnly is set.  ssh(1) will try to
             load certificate information from the filename obtained by appending -cert.pub to
             the path of a specified IdentityFile.

             The file name may use the tilde syntax to refer to a user's home directory or one of
             the following escape characters: ‘%d’ (local user's home directory), ‘%u’ (local
             user name), ‘%l’ (local host name), ‘%h’ (remote host name) or ‘%r’ (remote user
             name).

             It is possible to have multiple identity files specified in configuration files; all
             these identities will be tried in sequence.  Multiple IdentityFile directives will
             add to the list of identities tried (this behaviour differs from that of other con‐
             figuration directives).

             IdentityFile may be used in conjunction with IdentitiesOnly to select which identi‐
             ties in an agent are offered during authentication.

     IgnoreUnknown
             Specifies a pattern-list of unknown options to be ignored if they are encountered in
             configuration parsing.  This may be used to suppress errors if ssh_config contains
             options that are unrecognised by ssh(1).  It is recommended that IgnoreUnknown be
             listed early in the configuration file as it will not be applied to unknown options
             that appear before it.

     IPQoS   Specifies the IPv4 type-of-service or DSCP class for connections.  Accepted values
             are “af11”, “af12”, “af13”, “af21”, “af22”, “af23”, “af31”, “af32”, “af33”, “af41”,
             “af42”, “af43”, “cs0”, “cs1”, “cs2”, “cs3”, “cs4”, “cs5”, “cs6”, “cs7”, “ef”,
             “lowdelay”, “throughput”, “reliability”, or a numeric value.  This option may take
             one or two arguments, separated by whitespace.  If one argument is specified, it is
             used as the packet class unconditionally.  If two values are specified, the first is
             automatically selected for interactive sessions and the second for non-interactive
             sessions.  The default is “lowdelay” for interactive sessions and “throughput” for
             non-interactive sessions.

     KbdInteractiveAuthentication
             Specifies whether to use keyboard-interactive authentication.  The argument to this
             keyword must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “yes”.

     KbdInteractiveDevices
             Specifies the list of methods to use in keyboard-interactive authentication.  Multi‐
             ple method names must be comma-separated.  The default is to use the server speci‐
             fied list.  The methods available vary depending on what the server supports.  For
             an OpenSSH server, it may be zero or more of: “bsdauth”, “pam”, and “skey”.

     KexAlgorithms
             Specifies the available KEX (Key Exchange) algorithms.  Multiple algorithms must be
             comma-separated.  The default is:

                   curve25519-sha256 AT libssh.org,
                   ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,
                   diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,
                   diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,
                   diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,
                   diffie-hellman-group1-sha1

     LocalCommand
             Specifies a command to execute on the local machine after successfully connecting to
             the server.  The command string extends to the end of the line, and is executed with
             the user's shell.  The following escape character substitutions will be performed:
             ‘%d’ (local user's home directory), ‘%h’ (remote host name), ‘%l’ (local host name),
             ‘%n’ (host name as provided on the command line), ‘%p’ (remote port), ‘%r’ (remote
             user name) or ‘%u’ (local user name) or ‘%C’ by a hash of the concatenation:
             %l%h%p%r.

             The command is run synchronously and does not have access to the session of the
             ssh(1) that spawned it.  It should not be used for interactive commands.

             This directive is ignored unless PermitLocalCommand has been enabled.

     LocalForward
             Specifies that a TCP port on the local machine be forwarded over the secure channel
             to the specified host and port from the remote machine.  The first argument must be
             [bind_address:]port and the second argument must be host:hostport.  IPv6 addresses
             can be specified by enclosing addresses in square brackets.  Multiple forwardings
             may be specified, and additional forwardings can be given on the command line.  Only
             the superuser can forward privileged ports.  By default, the local port is bound in
             accordance with the GatewayPorts setting.  However, an explicit bind_address may be
             used to bind the connection to a specific address.  The bind_address of “localhost”
             indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an empty
             address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.

     LogLevel
             Gives the verbosity level that is used when logging messages from ssh(1).  The pos‐
             sible values are: QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2, and
             DEBUG3.  The default is INFO.  DEBUG and DEBUG1 are equivalent.  DEBUG2 and DEBUG3
             each specify higher levels of verbose output.

     MACs    Specifies the MAC (message authentication code) algorithms in order of preference.
             The MAC algorithm is used in protocol version 2 for data integrity protection.  Mul‐
             tiple algorithms must be comma-separated.  The algorithms that contain “-etm” calcu‐
             late the MAC after encryption (encrypt-then-mac).  These are considered safer and
             their use recommended.  The default is:

                   umac-64-etm AT openssh.com,umac-128-etm AT openssh.com,
                   hmac-sha2-256-etm AT openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm AT openssh.com,
                   umac-64 AT openssh.com,umac-128 AT openssh.com,
                   hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,
                   hmac-md5-etm AT openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm AT openssh.com,
                   hmac-ripemd160-etm AT openssh.com,
                   hmac-sha1-96-etm AT openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm AT openssh.com,
                   hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-ripemd160,
                   hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96

     NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
             This option can be used if the home directory is shared across machines.  In this
             case localhost will refer to a different machine on each of the machines and the
             user will get many warnings about changed host keys.  However, this option disables
             host authentication for localhost.  The argument to this keyword must be “yes” or
             “no”.  The default is to check the host key for localhost.

     NumberOfPasswordPrompts
             Specifies the number of password prompts before giving up.  The argument to this
             keyword must be an integer.  The default is 3.

     PasswordAuthentication
             Specifies whether to use password authentication.  The argument to this keyword must
             be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “yes”.

     PermitLocalCommand
             Allow local command execution via the LocalCommand option or using the !command
             escape sequence in ssh(1).  The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is
             “no”.

     PKCS11Provider
             Specifies which PKCS#11 provider to use.  The argument to this keyword is the
             PKCS#11 shared library ssh(1) should use to communicate with a PKCS#11 token provid‐
             ing the user's private RSA key.

     Port    Specifies the port number to connect on the remote host.  The default is 22.

     PreferredAuthentications
             Specifies the order in which the client should try protocol 2 authentication meth‐
             ods.  This allows a client to prefer one method (e.g. keyboard-interactive) over
             another method (e.g. password).  The default is:

                   gssapi-with-mic,hostbased,publickey,
                   keyboard-interactive,password

     Protocol
             Specifies the protocol versions ssh(1) should support in order of preference.  The
             possible values are ‘1’ and ‘2’.  Multiple versions must be comma-separated.  When
             this option is set to “2,1” ssh will try version 2 and fall back to version 1 if
             version 2 is not available.  The default is ‘2’.

     ProxyCommand
             Specifies the command to use to connect to the server.  The command string extends
             to the end of the line, and is executed using the user's shell ‘exec’ directive to
             avoid a lingering shell process.

             In the command string, any occurrence of ‘%h’ will be substituted by the host name
             to connect, ‘%p’ by the port, and ‘%r’ by the remote user name.  The command can be
             basically anything, and should read from its standard input and write to its stan‐
             dard output.  It should eventually connect an sshd(8) server running on some
             machine, or execute sshd -i somewhere.  Host key management will be done using the
             HostName of the host being connected (defaulting to the name typed by the user).
             Setting the command to “none” disables this option entirely.  Note that CheckHostIP
             is not available for connects with a proxy command.

             This directive is useful in conjunction with nc(1) and its proxy support.  For exam‐
             ple, the following directive would connect via an HTTP proxy at 192.0.2.0:

                ProxyCommand /usr/bin/nc -X connect -x 192.0.2.0:8080 %h %p

     ProxyUseFdpass
             Specifies that ProxyCommand will pass a connected file descriptor back to ssh(1)
             instead of continuing to execute and pass data.  The default is “no”.

     PubkeyAuthentication
             Specifies whether to try public key authentication.  The argument to this keyword
             must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “yes”.  This option applies to protocol ver‐
             sion 2 only.

     RekeyLimit
             Specifies the maximum amount of data that may be transmitted before the session key
             is renegotiated, optionally followed a maximum amount of time that may pass before
             the session key is renegotiated.  The first argument is specified in bytes and may
             have a suffix of ‘K’, ‘M’, or ‘G’ to indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes,
             respectively.  The default is between ‘1G’ and ‘4G’, depending on the cipher.  The
             optional second value is specified in seconds and may use any of the units docu‐
             mented in the TIME FORMATS section of sshd_config(5).  The default value for
             RekeyLimit is “default none”, which means that rekeying is performed after the
             cipher's default amount of data has been sent or received and no time based rekeying
             is done.  This option applies to protocol version 2 only.

     RemoteForward
             Specifies that a TCP port on the remote machine be forwarded over the secure channel
             to the specified host and port from the local machine.  The first argument must be
             [bind_address:]port and the second argument must be host:hostport.  IPv6 addresses
             can be specified by enclosing addresses in square brackets.  Multiple forwardings
             may be specified, and additional forwardings can be given on the command line.
             Privileged ports can be forwarded only when logging in as root on the remote
             machine.

             If the port argument is ‘0’, the listen port will be dynamically allocated on the
             server and reported to the client at run time.

             If the bind_address is not specified, the default is to only bind to loopback
             addresses.  If the bind_address is ‘*’ or an empty string, then the forwarding is
             requested to listen on all interfaces.  Specifying a remote bind_address will only
             succeed if the server's GatewayPorts option is enabled (see sshd_config(5)).

     RequestTTY
             Specifies whether to request a pseudo-tty for the session.  The argument may be one
             of: “no” (never request a TTY), “yes” (always request a TTY when standard input is a
             TTY), “force” (always request a TTY) or “auto” (request a TTY when opening a login
             session).  This option mirrors the -t and -T flags for ssh(1).

     RhostsRSAAuthentication
             Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication with RSA host authentication.
             The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.  This option applies to
             protocol version 1 only and requires ssh(1) to be setuid root.

     RSAAuthentication
             Specifies whether to try RSA authentication.  The argument to this keyword must be
             “yes” or “no”.  RSA authentication will only be attempted if the identity file
             exists, or an authentication agent is running.  The default is “yes”.  Note that
             this option applies to protocol version 1 only.

     SendEnv
             Specifies what variables from the local environ(7) should be sent to the server.
             Note that environment passing is only supported for protocol 2.  The server must
             also support it, and the server must be configured to accept these environment vari‐
             ables.  Refer to AcceptEnv in sshd_config(5) for how to configure the server.  Vari‐
             ables are specified by name, which may contain wildcard characters.  Multiple envi‐
             ronment variables may be separated by whitespace or spread across multiple SendEnv
             directives.  The default is not to send any environment variables.

             See PATTERNS for more information on patterns.

     ServerAliveCountMax
             Sets the number of server alive messages (see below) which may be sent without
             ssh(1) receiving any messages back from the server.  If this threshold is reached
             while server alive messages are being sent, ssh will disconnect from the server,
             terminating the session.  It is important to note that the use of server alive mes‐
             sages is very different from TCPKeepAlive (below).  The server alive messages are
             sent through the encrypted channel and therefore will not be spoofable.  The TCP
             keepalive option enabled by TCPKeepAlive is spoofable.  The server alive mechanism
             is valuable when the client or server depend on knowing when a connection has become
             inactive.

             The default value is 3.  If, for example, ServerAliveInterval (see below) is set to
             15 and ServerAliveCountMax is left at the default, if the server becomes unrespon‐
             sive, ssh will disconnect after approximately 45 seconds.  This option applies to
             protocol version 2 only; in protocol version 1 there is no mechanism to request a
             response from the server to the server alive messages, so disconnection is the
             responsibility of the TCP stack.

     ServerAliveInterval
             Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has been received from the
             server, ssh(1) will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a
             response from the server.  The default is 0, indicating that these messages will not
             be sent to the server, or 300 if the BatchMode option is set.  This option applies
             to protocol version 2 only.  ProtocolKeepAlives and SetupTimeOut are Debian-specific
             compatibility aliases for this option.

     StreamLocalBindMask
             Sets the octal file creation mode mask (umask) used when creating a Unix-domain
             socket file for local or remote port forwarding.  This option is only used for port
             forwarding to a Unix-domain socket file.

             The default value is 0177, which creates a Unix-domain socket file that is readable
             and writable only by the owner.  Note that not all operating systems honor the file
             mode on Unix-domain socket files.

     StreamLocalBindUnlink
             Specifies whether to remove an existing Unix-domain socket file for local or remote
             port forwarding before creating a new one.  If the socket file already exists and
             StreamLocalBindUnlink is not enabled, ssh will be unable to forward the port to the
             Unix-domain socket file.  This option is only used for port forwarding to a Unix-
             domain socket file.

             The argument must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.

     StrictHostKeyChecking
             If this flag is set to “yes”, ssh(1) will never automatically add host keys to the
             ~/.ssh/known_hosts file, and refuses to connect to hosts whose host key has changed.
             This provides maximum protection against trojan horse attacks, though it can be
             annoying when the /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts file is poorly maintained or when connec‐
             tions to new hosts are frequently made.  This option forces the user to manually add
             all new hosts.  If this flag is set to “no”, ssh will automatically add new host
             keys to the user known hosts files.  If this flag is set to “ask”, new host keys
             will be added to the user known host files only after the user has confirmed that is
             what they really want to do, and ssh will refuse to connect to hosts whose host key
             has changed.  The host keys of known hosts will be verified automatically in all
             cases.  The argument must be “yes”, “no”, or “ask”.  The default is “ask”.

     TCPKeepAlive
             Specifies whether the system should send TCP keepalive messages to the other side.
             If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one of the machines will be
             properly noticed.  This option only uses TCP keepalives (as opposed to using ssh
             level keepalives), so takes a long time to notice when the connection dies.  As
             such, you probably want the ServerAliveInterval option as well.  However, this means
             that connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people find it
             annoying.

             The default is “yes” (to send TCP keepalive messages), and the client will notice if
             the network goes down or the remote host dies.  This is important in scripts, and
             many users want it too.

             To disable TCP keepalive messages, the value should be set to “no”.

     Tunnel  Request tun(4) device forwarding between the client and the server.  The argument
             must be “yes”, “point-to-point” (layer 3), “ethernet” (layer 2), or “no”.  Specify‐
             ing “yes” requests the default tunnel mode, which is “point-to-point”.  The default
             is “no”.

     TunnelDevice
             Specifies the tun(4) devices to open on the client (local_tun) and the server
             (remote_tun).

             The argument must be local_tun[:remote_tun].  The devices may be specified by numer‐
             ical ID or the keyword “any”, which uses the next available tunnel device.  If
             remote_tun is not specified, it defaults to “any”.  The default is “any:any”.

     UsePrivilegedPort
             Specifies whether to use a privileged port for outgoing connections.  The argument
             must be “yes” or “no”.  The default is “no”.  If set to “yes”, ssh(1) must be setuid
             root.  Note that this option must be set to “yes” for RhostsRSAAuthentication with
             older servers.

     User    Specifies the user to log in as.  This can be useful when a different user name is
             used on different machines.  This saves the trouble of having to remember to give
             the user name on the command line.

     UserKnownHostsFile
             Specifies one or more files to use for the user host key database, separated by
             whitespace.  The default is ~/.ssh/known_hosts, ~/.ssh/known_hosts2.

     VerifyHostKeyDNS
             Specifies whether to verify the remote key using DNS and SSHFP resource records.  If
             this option is set to “yes”, the client will implicitly trust keys that match a
             secure fingerprint from DNS.  Insecure fingerprints will be handled as if this
             option was set to “ask”.  If this option is set to “ask”, information on fingerprint
             match will be displayed, but the user will still need to confirm new host keys
             according to the StrictHostKeyChecking option.  The argument must be “yes”, “no”, or
             “ask”.  The default is “no”.  Note that this option applies to protocol version 2
             only.

             See also VERIFYING HOST KEYS in ssh(1).

     VisualHostKey
             If this flag is set to “yes”, an ASCII art representation of the remote host key
             fingerprint is printed in addition to the hex fingerprint string at login and for
             unknown host keys.  If this flag is set to “no”, no fingerprint strings are printed
             at login and only the hex fingerprint string will be printed for unknown host keys.
             The default is “no”.

     XAuthLocation
             Specifies the full pathname of the xauth(1) program.  The default is /usr/bin/xauth.

PATTERNS
     A pattern consists of zero or more non-whitespace characters, ‘*’ (a wildcard that matches
     zero or more characters), or ‘?’ (a wildcard that matches exactly one character).  For exam‐
     ple, to specify a set of declarations for any host in the “.co.uk” set of domains, the fol‐
     lowing pattern could be used:

           Host *.co.uk

     The following pattern would match any host in the 192.168.0.[0-9] network range:

           Host 192.168.0.?

     A pattern-list is a comma-separated list of patterns.  Patterns within pattern-lists may be
     negated by preceding them with an exclamation mark (‘!’).  For example, to allow a key to be
     used from anywhere within an organization except from the “dialup” pool, the following entry
     (in authorized_keys) could be used:

           from="!*.dialup.example.com,*.example.com"

FILES
     ~/.ssh/config
             This is the per-user configuration file.  The format of this file is described
             above.  This file is used by the SSH client.  Because of the potential for abuse,
             this file must have strict permissions: read/write for the user, and not accessible
             by others.  It may be group-writable provided that the group in question contains
             only the user.

     /etc/ssh/ssh_config
             Systemwide configuration file.  This file provides defaults for those values that
             are not specified in the user's configuration file, and for those users who do not
             have a configuration file.  This file must be world-readable.

SEE ALSO
     ssh(1)

AUTHORS
     OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.  Aaron
     Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many
     bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH.  Markus Friedl contributed the support
     for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.

BSD                                      November 9, 2024                                     BSD


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