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STDIO(3)                            Linux Programmer's Manual                            STDIO(3)



NAME
       stdio - standard input/output library functions

SYNOPSIS
       #include <stdio.h>

       FILE *stdin;
       FILE *stdout;
       FILE *stderr;

DESCRIPTION
       The  standard  I/O  library provides a simple and efficient buffered stream I/O interface.
       Input and output is mapped into logical data streams and the physical I/O  characteristics
       are  concealed.   The functions and macros are listed below; more information is available
       from the individual man pages.

       A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical device) by opening a
       file,  which may involve creating a new file.  Creating an existing file causes its former
       contents to be discarded.  If a file can support positioning  requests  (such  as  a  disk
       file, as opposed to a terminal), then a file position indicator associated with the stream
       is positioned at the start of the file (byte zero), unless the file is opened with  append
       mode.   If  append  mode is used, it is unspecified whether the position indicator will be
       placed at the start or the end of the file.  The position indicator is maintained by  sub‐
       sequent  reads,  writes  and  positioning requests.  All input occurs as if the characters
       were read by successive calls to the fgetc(3) function; all output takes place as  if  all
       characters were written by successive calls to the fputc(3) function.

       A  file  is  disassociated  from a stream by closing the file.  Output streams are flushed
       (any unwritten buffer contents are transferred to the host environment) before the  stream
       is  disassociated from the file.  The value of a pointer to a FILE object is indeterminate
       after a file is closed (garbage).

       A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another  program  execution,  and  its
       contents  reclaimed  or  modified  (if  it can be repositioned at the start).  If the main
       function returns to its original caller, or the exit(3) function is called, all open files
       are closed (hence all output streams are flushed) before program termination.  Other meth‐
       ods of program termination, such as abort(3) do not bother about closing files properly.

       At program startup, three text streams are predefined and need not be  opened  explicitly:
       standard input (for reading conventional input), standard output (for writing conventional
       output), and standard error (for writing diagnostic output).  These streams  are  abbrevi‐
       ated  stdin,stdout  and  stderr.   When  opened,  the  standard  error stream is not fully
       buffered; the standard input and output streams are fully buffered  if  and  only  if  the
       streams do not refer to an interactive device.

       Output streams that refer to terminal devices are always line buffered by default; pending
       output to such streams is written automatically whenever an input stream that refers to  a
       terminal  device  is  read.   In  cases  where a large amount of computation is done after
       printing part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to fflush(3)  the  standard
       output before going off and computing so that the output will appear.

       The  stdio  library is a part of the library libc and routines are automatically loaded as
       needed by the compilers cc(1) and pc(1).  The SYNOPSIS sections of  the  following  manual
       pages  indicate  which include files are to be used, what the compiler declaration for the
       function looks like and which external variables are of interest.

       The following are defined as macros; these names may not be reused without first  removing
       their  current  definitions  with #undef: BUFSIZ, EOF, FILENAME_MAX, FOPEN_MAX, L_cuserid,
       L_ctermid, L_tmpnam, NULL, SEEK_END, SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, TMP_MAX, clearerr, feof,  ferror,
       fileno,  getc,  getchar,  putc,  putchar, stderr, stdin, stdout.  Function versions of the
       macro functions feof, ferror, clearerr, fileno, getc, getchar, putc, and putchar exist and
       will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed.

   List of functions
       Function      Description
       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       clearerr      check and reset stream status
       fclose        close a stream
       fdopen        stream open functions
       feof          check and reset stream status
       ferror        check and reset stream status
       fflush        flush a stream
       fgetc         get next character or word from input stream
       fgetpos       reposition a stream
       fgets         get a line from a stream
       fileno        return the integer descriptor of the argument stream
       fopen         stream open functions
       fprintf       formatted output conversion
       fpurge        flush a stream
       fputc         output a character or word to a stream
       fputs         output a line to a stream
       fread         binary stream input/output
       freopen       stream open functions
       fscanf        input format conversion
       fseek         reposition a stream
       fsetpos       reposition a stream
       ftell         reposition a stream
       fwrite        binary stream input/output
       getc          get next character or word from input stream
       getchar       get next character or word from input stream
       gets          get a line from a stream
       getw          get next character or word from input stream
       mktemp        make temporary filename (unique)
       perror        system error messages
       printf        formatted output conversion
       putc          output a character or word to a stream
       putchar       output a character or word to a stream
       puts          output a line to a stream
       putw          output a character or word to a stream
       remove        remove directory entry
       rewind        reposition a stream
       scanf         input format conversion
       setbuf        stream buffering operations
       setbuffer     stream buffering operations
       setlinebuf    stream buffering operations
       setvbuf       stream buffering operations
       sprintf       formatted output conversion
       sscanf        input format conversion
       strerror      system error messages
       sys_errlist   system error messages
       sys_nerr      system error messages
       tempnam       temporary file routines
       tmpfile       temporary file routines
       tmpnam        temporary file routines
       ungetc        un-get character from input stream
       vfprintf      formatted output conversion
       vfscanf       input format conversion
       vprintf       formatted output conversion
       vscanf        input format conversion
       vsprintf      formatted output conversion
       vsscanf       input format conversion

CONFORMING TO
       The stdio library conforms to C89.

SEE ALSO
       close(2), open(2), read(2), write(2), stdout(3), unlocked_stdio(3)

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.74 of the Linux man-pages project.  A description of the
       project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of  this  page,  can  be
       found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.



                                            2001-12-26                                   STDIO(3)


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