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SYSTEMD.UNIT(5)                            systemd.unit                           SYSTEMD.UNIT(5)



NAME
       systemd.unit - Unit configuration

SYNOPSIS
       service.service, socket.socket, device.device, mount.mount, automount.automount,
       swap.swap, target.target, path.path, timer.timer, snapshot.snapshot, slice.slice,
       scope.scope

       /etc/systemd/system/*
       /run/systemd/system/*
       /lib/systemd/system/*
       ...


       $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user/*
       $HOME/.config/systemd/user/*
       /etc/systemd/user/*
       /run/systemd/user/*
       $XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user/*
       $HOME/.local/share/systemd/user/*
       /usr/lib/systemd/user/*
       ...


DESCRIPTION
       A unit configuration file encodes information about a service, a socket, a device, a mount
       point, an automount point, a swap file or partition, a start-up target, a watched file
       system path, a timer controlled and supervised by systemd(1), a temporary system state
       snapshot, a resource management slice or a group of externally created processes. The
       syntax is inspired by XDG Desktop Entry Specification[1].desktop files, which are in turn
       inspired by Microsoft Windows .ini files.

       This man page lists the common configuration options of all the unit types. These options
       need to be configured in the [Unit] or [Install] sections of the unit files.

       In addition to the generic [Unit] and [Install] sections described here, each unit may
       have a type-specific section, e.g. [Service] for a service unit. See the respective man
       pages for more information: systemd.service(5), systemd.socket(5), systemd.device(5),
       systemd.mount(5), systemd.automount(5), systemd.swap(5), systemd.target(5),
       systemd.path(5), systemd.timer(5), systemd.snapshot(5).  systemd.slice(5).
       systemd.scope(5).

       Various settings are allowed to be specified more than once, in which case the
       interpretation depends on the setting. Often, multiple settings form a list, and setting
       to an empty value "resets", which means that previous assignments are ignored. When this
       is allowed, it is mentioned in the description of the setting. Note that using multiple
       assignments to the same value makes the unit file incompatible with parsers for the XDG
       .desktop file format.

       Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during compilation, described in the
       next section.

       Unit files may contain additional options on top of those listed here. If systemd
       encounters an unknown option, it will write a warning log message but continue loading the
       unit. If an option or section name is prefixed with X-, it is ignored completely by
       systemd. Options within an ignored section do not need the prefix. Applications may use
       this to include additional information in the unit files.

       Boolean arguments used in unit files can be written in various formats. For positive
       settings the strings 1, yes, true and on are equivalent. For negative settings, the
       strings 0, no, false and off are equivalent.

       Time span values encoded in unit files can be written in various formats. A stand-alone
       number specifies a time in seconds. If suffixed with a time unit, the unit is honored. A
       concatenation of multiple values with units is supported, in which case the values are
       added up. Example: "50" refers to 50 seconds; "2min 200ms" refers to 2 minutes plus 200
       milliseconds, i.e. 120200ms. The following time units are understood: s, min, h, d, w, ms,
       us. For details see systemd.time(7).

       Empty lines and lines starting with # or ; are ignored. This may be used for commenting.
       Lines ending in a backslash are concatenated with the following line while reading and the
       backslash is replaced by a space character. This may be used to wrap long lines.

       Along with a unit file foo.service, the directory foo.service.wants/ may exist. All unit
       files symlinked from such a directory are implicitly added as dependencies of type Wanted=
       to the unit. This is useful to hook units into the start-up of other units, without having
       to modify their unit files. For details about the semantics of Wanted=, see below. The
       preferred way to create symlinks in the .wants/ directory of a unit file is with the
       enable command of the systemctl(1) tool which reads information from the [Install] section
       of unit files (see below). A similar functionality exists for Requires= type dependencies
       as well, the directory suffix is .requires/ in this case.

       Along with a unit file foo.service, a directory foo.service.d/ may exist. All files with
       the suffix ".conf" from this directory will be parsed after the file itself is parsed.
       This is useful to alter or add configuration settings to a unit, without having to modify
       their unit files. Make sure that the file that is included has the appropriate section
       headers before any directive.

       Note that while systemd offers a flexible dependency system between units it is
       recommended to use this functionality only sparingly and instead rely on techniques such
       as bus-based or socket-based activation which make dependencies implicit, resulting in a
       both simpler and more flexible system.

       Some unit names reflect paths existing in the file system namespace. Example: a device
       unit dev-sda.device refers to a device with the device node /dev/sda in the file system
       namespace. If this applies, a special way to escape the path name is used, so that the
       result is usable as part of a filename. Basically, given a path, "/" is replaced by "-",
       and all unprintable characters and the "-" are replaced by C-style "\x20" escapes. The
       root directory "/" is encoded as single dash, while otherwise the initial and ending "/"
       is removed from all paths during transformation. This escaping is reversible.

       Optionally, units may be instantiated from a template file at runtime. This allows
       creation of multiple units from a single configuration file. If systemd looks for a unit
       configuration file, it will first search for the literal unit name in the file system. If
       that yields no success and the unit name contains an "@" character, systemd will look for
       a unit template that shares the same name but with the instance string (i.e. the part
       between the "@" character and the suffix) removed. Example: if a service
       getty AT tty3.service is requested and no file by that name is found, systemd will look for
       getty@.service and instantiate a service from that configuration file if it is found.

       To refer to the instance string from within the configuration file you may use the special
       "%i" specifier in many of the configuration options. See below for details.

       If a unit file is empty (i.e. has the file size 0) or is symlinked to /dev/null, its
       configuration will not be loaded and it appears with a load state of "masked", and cannot
       be activated. Use this as an effective way to fully disable a unit, making it impossible
       to start it even manually.

       The unit file format is covered by the Interface Stability Promise[2].

UNIT LOAD PATH
       Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during compilation, described in the
       two tables below. Unit files found in directories listed earlier override files with the
       same name in directories lower in the list.

       When systemd is running in user mode (--user) and the variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is set,
       this contents of this variable overrides the unit load path.

       Table 1.  Load path when running in system mode (--system).
       ┌────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │Path                │ Description                 │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │/etc/systemd/system │ Local configuration         │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │/run/systemd/system │ Runtime units               │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │/lib/systemd/system │ Units of installed packages │
       └────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

       Table 2.  Load path when running in user mode (--user).
       ┌────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
       │Path                            │ Description                      │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user   │ User configuration (only used    │
       │                                │ when $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is set)    │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │$HOME/.config/systemd/user      │ User configuration (only used    │
       │                                │ when $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is not     │
       │                                │ set)                             │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │/etc/systemd/user               │ Local configuration              │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │/run/systemd/user               │ Runtime units                    │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │$XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user     │ Units of packages that have been │
       │                                │ installed in the home directory  │
       │                                │ (only used when $XDG_DATA_HOME   │
       │                                │ is set)                          │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │$HOME/.local/share/systemd/user │ Units of packages that have been │
       │                                │ installed in the home directory  │
       │                                │ (only used when $XDG_DATA_HOME   │
       │                                │ is not set)                      │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │/usr/lib/systemd/user           │ Units of packages that have been │
       │                                │ installed system-wide            │
       └────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘

       Additional units might be loaded into systemd ("linked") from directories not on the unit
       load path. See the link command for systemctl(1). Also, some units are dynamically created
       via generators Generators[3].

[UNIT] SECTION OPTIONS
       Unit file may include a [Unit] section, which carries generic information about the unit
       that is not dependent on the type of unit:

       Description=
           A free-form string describing the unit. This is intended for use in UIs to show
           descriptive information along with the unit name. The description should contain a
           name that means something to the end user.  "Apache2 Web Server" is a good example.
           Bad examples are "high-performance light-weight HTTP server" (too generic) or
           "Apache2" (too specific and meaningless for people who do not know Apache).

       Documentation=
           A space-separated list of URIs referencing documentation for this unit or its
           configuration. Accepted are only URIs of the types "http://", "https://", "file:",
           "info:", "man:". For more information about the syntax of these URIs, see uri(7). The
           URIs should be listed in order of relevance, starting with the most relevant. It is a
           good idea to first reference documentation that explains what the unit's purpose is,
           followed by how it is configured, followed by any other related documentation. This
           option may be specified more than once, in which case the specified list of URIs is
           merged. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the list is reset and all
           prior assignments will have no effect.

       Requires=
           Configures requirement dependencies on other units. If this unit gets activated, the
           units listed here will be activated as well. If one of the other units gets
           deactivated or its activation fails, this unit will be deactivated. This option may be
           specified more than once or multiple space-separated units may be specified in one
           option in which case requirement dependencies for all listed names will be created.
           Note that requirement dependencies do not influence the order in which services are
           started or stopped. This has to be configured independently with the After= or Before=
           options. If a unit foo.service requires a unit bar.service as configured with
           Requires= and no ordering is configured with After= or Before=, then both units will
           be started simultaneously and without any delay between them if foo.service is
           activated. Often it is a better choice to use Wants= instead of Requires= in order to
           achieve a system that is more robust when dealing with failing services.

           Note that dependencies of this type may also be configured outside of the unit
           configuration file by adding a symlink to a .requires/ directory accompanying the unit
           file. For details see above.

       RequiresOverridable=
           Similar to Requires=. Dependencies listed in RequiresOverridable= which cannot be
           fulfilled or fail to start are ignored if the startup was explicitly requested by the
           user. If the start-up was pulled in indirectly by some dependency or automatic
           start-up of units that is not requested by the user, this dependency must be fulfilled
           and otherwise the transaction fails. Hence, this option may be used to configure
           dependencies that are normally honored unless the user explicitly starts up the unit,
           in which case whether they failed or not is irrelevant.

       Requisite=, RequisiteOverridable=
           Similar to Requires= and RequiresOverridable=, respectively. However, if the units
           listed here are not started already, they will not be started and the transaction will
           fail immediately.

       Wants=
           A weaker version of Requires=. Units listed in this option will be started if the
           configuring unit is. However, if the listed units fail to start or cannot be added to
           the transaction, this has no impact on the validity of the transaction as a whole.
           This is the recommended way to hook start-up of one unit to the start-up of another
           unit.

           Note that dependencies of this type may also be configured outside of the unit
           configuration file by adding symlinks to a .wants/ directory accompanying the unit
           file. For details, see above.

       BindsTo=
           Configures requirement dependencies, very similar in style to Requires=, however in
           addition to this behavior, it also declares that this unit is stopped when any of the
           units listed suddenly disappears. Units can suddenly, unexpectedly disappear if a
           service terminates on its own choice, a device is unplugged or a mount point unmounted
           without involvement of systemd.

       PartOf=
           Configures dependencies similar to Requires=, but limited to stopping and restarting
           of units. When systemd stops or restarts the units listed here, the action is
           propagated to this unit. Note that this is a one-way dependency — changes to this unit
           do not affect the listed units.

       Conflicts=
           A space-separated list of unit names. Configures negative requirement dependencies. If
           a unit has a Conflicts= setting on another unit, starting the former will stop the
           latter and vice versa. Note that this setting is independent of and orthogonal to the
           After= and Before= ordering dependencies.

           If a unit A that conflicts with a unit B is scheduled to be started at the same time
           as B, the transaction will either fail (in case both are required part of the
           transaction) or be modified to be fixed (in case one or both jobs are not a required
           part of the transaction). In the latter case, the job that is not the required will be
           removed, or in case both are not required, the unit that conflicts will be started and
           the unit that is conflicted is stopped.

       Before=, After=
           A space-separated list of unit names. Configures ordering dependencies between units.
           If a unit foo.service contains a setting Before=bar.service and both units are being
           started, bar.service's start-up is delayed until foo.service is started up. Note that
           this setting is independent of and orthogonal to the requirement dependencies as
           configured by Requires=. It is a common pattern to include a unit name in both the
           After= and Requires= option, in which case the unit listed will be started before the
           unit that is configured with these options. This option may be specified more than
           once, in which case ordering dependencies for all listed names are created.  After= is
           the inverse of Before=, i.e. while After= ensures that the configured unit is started
           after the listed unit finished starting up, Before= ensures the opposite, i.e. that
           the configured unit is fully started up before the listed unit is started. Note that
           when two units with an ordering dependency between them are shut down, the inverse of
           the start-up order is applied. i.e. if a unit is configured with After= on another
           unit, the former is stopped before the latter if both are shut down. If one unit with
           an ordering dependency on another unit is shut down while the latter is started up,
           the shut down is ordered before the start-up regardless of whether the ordering
           dependency is actually of type After= or Before=. If two units have no ordering
           dependencies between them, they are shut down or started up simultaneously, and no
           ordering takes place.

       OnFailure=
           A space-separated list of one or more units that are activated when this unit enters
           the "failed" state.

       PropagatesReloadTo=, ReloadPropagatedFrom=
           A space-separated list of one or more units where reload requests on this unit will be
           propagated to, or reload requests on the other unit will be propagated to this unit,
           respectively. Issuing a reload request on a unit will automatically also enqueue a
           reload request on all units that the reload request shall be propagated to via these
           two settings.

       JoinsNamespaceOf=
           For units that start processes (such as service units), lists one or more other units
           whose network and/or temporary file namespace to join. This only applies to unit types
           which support the PrivateNetwork= and PrivateTmp= directives (see systemd.exec(5) for
           details). If a unit that has this setting set is started, its processes will see the
           same /tmp, /tmp/var and network namespace as one listed unit that is started. If
           multiple listed units are already started, it is not defined which namespace is
           joined. Note that this setting only has an effect if PrivateNetwork= and/or
           PrivateTmp= is enabled for both the unit that joins the namespace and the unit whose
           namespace is joined.

       RequiresMountsFor=
           Takes a space-separated list of absolute paths. Automatically adds dependencies of
           type Requires= and After= for all mount units required to access the specified path.

           Mount points marked with noauto are not mounted automatically and will be ignored for
           the purposes of this option. If such a mount should be a requirement for this unit,
           direct dependencies on the mount units may be added (Requires= and After= or some
           other combination).

       OnFailureJobMode=
           Takes a value of "fail", "replace", "replace-irreversibly", "isolate", "flush",
           "ignore-dependencies" or "ignore-requirements". Defaults to "replace". Specifies how
           the units listed in OnFailure= will be enqueued. See systemctl(1)'s --job-mode= option
           for details on the possible values. If this is set to "isolate", only a single unit
           may be listed in OnFailure=..

       IgnoreOnIsolate=
           Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit will not be stopped when isolating
           another unit. Defaults to false.

       IgnoreOnSnapshot=
           Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit will not be included in snapshots.
           Defaults to true for device and snapshot units, false for the others.

       StopWhenUnneeded=
           Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit will be stopped when it is no longer
           used. Note that in order to minimize the work to be executed, systemd will not stop
           units by default unless they are conflicting with other units, or the user explicitly
           requested their shut down. If this option is set, a unit will be automatically cleaned
           up if no other active unit requires it. Defaults to false.

       RefuseManualStart=, RefuseManualStop=
           Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit can only be activated or deactivated
           indirectly. In this case, explicit start-up or termination requested by the user is
           denied, however if it is started or stopped as a dependency of another unit, start-up
           or termination will succeed. This is mostly a safety feature to ensure that the user
           does not accidentally activate units that are not intended to be activated explicitly,
           and not accidentally deactivate units that are not intended to be deactivated. These
           options default to false.

       AllowIsolate=
           Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit may be used with the systemctl isolate
           command. Otherwise, this will be refused. It probably is a good idea to leave this
           disabled except for target units that shall be used similar to runlevels in SysV init
           systems, just as a precaution to avoid unusable system states. This option defaults to
           false.

       DefaultDependencies=
           Takes a boolean argument. If true, (the default), a few default dependencies will
           implicitly be created for the unit. The actual dependencies created depend on the unit
           type. For example, for service units, these dependencies ensure that the service is
           started only after basic system initialization is completed and is properly terminated
           on system shutdown. See the respective man pages for details. Generally, only services
           involved with early boot or late shutdown should set this option to false. It is
           highly recommended to leave this option enabled for the majority of common units. If
           set to false, this option does not disable all implicit dependencies, just
           non-essential ones.

       JobTimeoutSec=
           When clients are waiting for a job of this unit to complete, time out after the
           specified time. If this time limit is reached, the job will be cancelled, the unit
           however will not change state or even enter the "failed" mode. This value defaults to
           0 (job timeouts disabled), except for device units. NB: this timeout is independent
           from any unit-specific timeout (for example, the timeout set with Timeout= in service
           units) as the job timeout has no effect on the unit itself, only on the job that might
           be pending for it. Or in other words: unit-specific timeouts are useful to abort unit
           state changes, and revert them. The job timeout set with this option however is useful
           to abort only the job waiting for the unit state to change.

       ConditionArchitecture=, ConditionVirtualization=, ConditionHost=,
       ConditionKernelCommandLine=, ConditionSecurity=, ConditionCapability=, ConditionACPower=,
       ConditionNeedsUpdate=, ConditionPathExists=, ConditionPathExistsGlob=,
       ConditionPathIsDirectory=, ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=, ConditionPathIsMountPoint=,
       ConditionPathIsReadWrite=, ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=, ConditionFileNotEmpty=,
       ConditionFileIsExecutable=, ConditionNull=
           Before starting a unit verify that the specified condition is true. If it is not true,
           the starting of the unit will be skipped, however all ordering dependencies of it are
           still respected. A failing condition will not result in the unit being moved into a
           failure state. The condition is checked at the time the queued start job is to be
           executed.

           ConditionArchitecture= may be used to check whether the system is running on a
           specific architecture. Takes one of x86, x86-64, ppc, ppc-le, ppc64, ppc64-le, ia64,
           parisc, parisc64, s390, s390x, sparc, sparc64, mips, mips-le, mips64, mips64-le,
           alpha, arm, arm-be, arm64, arm64-be, sh, sh64, m86k, tilegx, cris to test against a
           specific architecture. The architecture is determined from the information returned by
           uname(2) and is thus subject to personality(2). Note that a Personality= setting in
           the same unit file has no effect on this condition. A special architecture name native
           is mapped to the architecture the system manager itself is compiled for. The test may
           be negated by prepending an exclamation mark.

           ConditionVirtualization= may be used to check whether the system is executed in a
           virtualized environment and optionally test whether it is a specific implementation.
           Takes either boolean value to check if being executed in any virtualized environment,
           or one of vm and container to test against a generic type of virtualization solution,
           or one of qemu, kvm, zvm, vmware, microsoft, oracle, xen, bochs, uml, openvz, lxc,
           lxc-libvirt, systemd-nspawn to test against a specific implementation. If multiple
           virtualization technologies are nested, only the innermost is considered. The test may
           be negated by prepending an exclamation mark.

           ConditionHost= may be used to match against the hostname or machine ID of the host.
           This either takes a hostname string (optionally with shell style globs) which is
           tested against the locally set hostname as returned by gethostname(2), or a machine ID
           formatted as string (see machine-id(5)). The test may be negated by prepending an
           exclamation mark.

           ConditionKernelCommandLine= may be used to check whether a specific kernel command
           line option is set (or if prefixed with the exclamation mark unset). The argument must
           either be a single word, or an assignment (i.e. two words, separated "="). In the
           former case the kernel command line is searched for the word appearing as is, or as
           left hand side of an assignment. In the latter case, the exact assignment is looked
           for with right and left hand side matching.

           ConditionSecurity= may be used to check whether the given security module is enabled
           on the system. Currently the recognized values values are selinux, apparmor, ima and
           smack. The test may be negated by prepending an exclamation mark.

           ConditionCapability= may be used to check whether the given capability exists in the
           capability bounding set of the service manager (i.e. this does not check whether
           capability is actually available in the permitted or effective sets, see
           capabilities(7) for details). Pass a capability name such as "CAP_MKNOD", possibly
           prefixed with an exclamation mark to negate the check.

           ConditionACPower= may be used to check whether the system has AC power, or is
           exclusively battery powered at the time of activation of the unit. This takes a
           boolean argument. If set to true, the condition will hold only if at least one AC
           connector of the system is connected to a power source, or if no AC connectors are
           known. Conversely, if set to false, the condition will hold only if there is at least
           one AC connector known and all AC connectors are disconnected from a power source.

           ConditionNeedsUpdate= takes one of /var or /etc as argument, possibly prefixed with a
           "!"  (for inverting the condition). This condition may be used to conditionalize units
           on whether the specified directory requires an update because /usr's modification time
           is newer than the stamp file .updated in the specified directory. This is useful to
           implement offline updates of the vendor operating system resources in /usr that
           require updating of /etc or /var on the next following boot. Units making use of this
           condition should order themselves before systemd-update-done.service(8), to make sure
           they run before the stamp files's modification time gets reset indicating a completed
           update.

           With ConditionPathExists= a file existence condition is checked before a unit is
           started. If the specified absolute path name does not exist, the condition will fail.
           If the absolute path name passed to ConditionPathExists= is prefixed with an
           exclamation mark ("!"), the test is negated, and the unit is only started if the path
           does not exist.

           ConditionPathExistsGlob= is similar to ConditionPathExists=, but checks for the
           existence of at least one file or directory matching the specified globbing pattern.

           ConditionPathIsDirectory= is similar to ConditionPathExists= but verifies whether a
           certain path exists and is a directory.

           ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink= is similar to ConditionPathExists= but verifies whether a
           certain path exists and is a symbolic link.

           ConditionPathIsMountPoint= is similar to ConditionPathExists= but verifies whether a
           certain path exists and is a mount point.

           ConditionPathIsReadWrite= is similar to ConditionPathExists= but verifies whether the
           underlying file system is readable and writable (i.e. not mounted read-only).

           ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty= is similar to ConditionPathExists= but verifies whether a
           certain path exists and is a non-empty directory.

           ConditionFileNotEmpty= is similar to ConditionPathExists= but verifies whether a
           certain path exists and refers to a regular file with a non-zero size.

           ConditionFileIsExecutable= is similar to ConditionPathExists= but verifies whether a
           certain path exists, is a regular file and marked executable.

           Finally, ConditionNull= may be used to add a constant condition check value to the
           unit. It takes a boolean argument. If set to false, the condition will always fail,
           otherwise succeed.

           If multiple conditions are specified, the unit will be executed if all of them apply
           (i.e. a logical AND is applied). Condition checks can be prefixed with a pipe symbol
           (|) in which case a condition becomes a triggering condition. If at least one
           triggering condition is defined for a unit, then the unit will be executed if at least
           one of the triggering conditions apply and all of the non-triggering conditions. If
           you prefix an argument with the pipe symbol and an exclamation mark, the pipe symbol
           must be passed first, the exclamation second. Except for ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=,
           all path checks follow symlinks. If any of these options is assigned the empty string,
           the list of conditions is reset completely, all previous condition settings (of any
           kind) will have no effect.

       SourcePath=
           A path to a configuration file this unit has been generated from. This is primarily
           useful for implementation of generator tools that convert configuration from an
           external configuration file format into native unit files. This functionality should
           not be used in normal units.

[INSTALL] SECTION OPTIONS
       Unit file may include a [Install] section, which carries installation information for the
       unit. This section is not interpreted by systemd(1) during runtime. It is used exclusively
       by the enable and disable commands of the systemctl(1) tool during installation of a unit:

       Alias=
           A space-seperated list of additional names this unit shall be installed under. The
           names listed here must have the same suffix (i.e. type) as the unit file name. This
           option may be specified more than once, in which case all listed names are used. At
           installation time, systemctl enable will create symlinks from these names to the unit
           filename.

       WantedBy=, RequiredBy=
           This option may be used more than once, or a space-separated list of unit names may be
           given. A symbolic link is created in the .wants/ or .requires/ directory of each of
           the listed units when this unit is installed by systemctl enable. This has the effect
           that a dependency of type Wants= or Requires= is added from the listed unit to the
           current unit. The primary result is that the current unit will be started when the
           listed unit is started. See the description of Wants= and Requires= in the [Unit]
           section for details.

           WantedBy=foo.service in a service bar.service is mostly equivalent to
           Alias=foo.service.wants/bar.service in the same file. In case of template units,
           systemctl enable must be called with an instance name, and this instance will be added
           to the .wants/ or .requires/ list of the listed unit. E.g.  WantedBy=getty.target in a
           service getty@.service will result in systemctl enable getty AT tty2.service creating a
           getty.target.wants/getty AT tty2.service link to getty@.service.

       Also=
           Additional units to install/deinstall when this unit is installed/deinstalled. If the
           user requests installation/deinstallation of a unit with this option configured,
           systemctl enable and systemctl disable will automatically install/uninstall units
           listed in this option as well.

           This option may be used more than once, or a space-separated list of unit names may be
           given.

       DefaultInstance=
           In template unit files, this specifies for which instance the unit shall be enabled if
           the template is enabled without any explicitly set instance. This option has no effect
           in non-template unit files. The specified string must be usable as instance
           identifier.

       The following specifiers are interpreted in the Install section: %n, %N, %p, %i, %U, %u,
       %m, %H, %b, %v. For their meaning see the next section.

SPECIFIERS
       Many settings resolve specifiers which may be used to write generic unit files referring
       to runtime or unit parameters that are replaced when the unit files are loaded. The
       following specifiers are understood:

       Table 3. Specifiers available in unit files
       ┌──────────┬──────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────┐
       │Specifier │ Meaning                  │ Details                  │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%n"      │ Full unit name           │                          │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%N"      │ Unescaped full unit name │ Same as "%n", but with   │
       │          │                          │ escaping undone          │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%p"      │ Prefix name              │ For instantiated units,  │
       │          │                          │ this refers to the       │
       │          │                          │ string before the "@"    │
       │          │                          │ character of the unit    │
       │          │                          │ name. For                │
       │          │                          │ non-instantiated units,  │
       │          │                          │ this refers to the name  │
       │          │                          │ of the unit with the     │
       │          │                          │ type suffix removed.     │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%P"      │ Unescaped prefix name    │ Same as "%p", but with   │
       │          │                          │ escaping undone          │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%i"      │ Instance name            │ For instantiated units:  │
       │          │                          │ this is the string       │
       │          │                          │ between the "@"          │
       │          │                          │ character and the suffix │
       │          │                          │ of the unit name.        │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%I"      │ Unescaped instance name  │ Same as "%i", but with   │
       │          │                          │ escaping undone          │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%f"      │ Unescaped filename       │ This is either the       │
       │          │                          │ unescaped instance name  │
       │          │                          │ (if applicable) with /   │
       │          │                          │ prepended (if            │
       │          │                          │ applicable), or the      │
       │          │                          │ prefix name prepended    │
       │          │                          │ with /.                  │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%c"      │ Control group path of    │ This path does not       │
       │          │ the unit                 │ include the              │
       │          │                          │ /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/  │
       │          │                          │ prefix.                  │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%r"      │ Control group path of    │ This usually maps to the │
       │          │ the slice the unit is    │ parent cgroup path of    │
       │          │ placed in                │ "%c".                    │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%R"      │ Root control group path  │ For system instances,    │
       │          │ below which slices and   │ this resolves to /,      │
       │          │ units are placed         │ except in containers,    │
       │          │                          │ where this maps to the   │
       │          │                          │ container's root control │
       │          │                          │ group path.              │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%t"      │ Runtime directory        │ This is either /run (for │
       │          │                          │ the system manager) or   │
       │          │                          │ the path                 │
       │          │                          │ "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"       │
       │          │                          │ resolves to (for user    │
       │          │                          │ managers).               │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%u"      │ User name                │ This is the name of the  │
       │          │                          │ configured user of the   │
       │          │                          │ unit, or (if none is     │
       │          │                          │ set) the user running    │
       │          │                          │ the systemd instance.    │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%U"      │ User UID                 │ This is the numeric UID  │
       │          │                          │ of the configured user   │
       │          │                          │ of the unit, or (if none │
       │          │                          │ is set) the user running │
       │          │                          │ the systemd user         │
       │          │                          │ instance. Note that this │
       │          │                          │ specifier is not         │
       │          │                          │ available for units run  │
       │          │                          │ by the systemd system    │
       │          │                          │ instance (as opposed to  │
       │          │                          │ those run by a systemd   │
       │          │                          │ user instance), unless   │
       │          │                          │ the user has been        │
       │          │                          │ configured as a numeric  │
       │          │                          │ UID in the first place   │
       │          │                          │ or the configured user   │
       │          │                          │ is the root user.        │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%h"      │ User home directory      │ This is the home         │
       │          │                          │ directory of the         │
       │          │                          │ configured user of the   │
       │          │                          │ unit, or (if none is     │
       │          │                          │ set) the user running    │
       │          │                          │ the systemd user         │
       │          │                          │ instance. Similar to     │
       │          │                          │ "%U", this specifier is  │
       │          │                          │ not available for units  │
       │          │                          │ run by the systemd       │
       │          │                          │ system instance, unless  │
       │          │                          │ the configured user is   │
       │          │                          │ the root user.           │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%s"      │ User shell               │ This is the shell of the │
       │          │                          │ configured user of the   │
       │          │                          │ unit, or (if none is     │
       │          │                          │ set) the user running    │
       │          │                          │ the systemd user         │
       │          │                          │ instance. Similar to     │
       │          │                          │ "%U", this specifier is  │
       │          │                          │ not available for units  │
       │          │                          │ run by the systemd       │
       │          │                          │ system instance, unless  │
       │          │                          │ the configured user is   │
       │          │                          │ the root user.           │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%m"      │ Machine ID               │ The machine ID of the    │
       │          │                          │ running system,          │
       │          │                          │ formatted as string. See │
       │          │                          │ machine-id(5) for more   │
       │          │                          │ information.             │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%b"      │ Boot ID                  │ The boot ID of the       │
       │          │                          │ running system,          │
       │          │                          │ formatted as string. See │
       │          │                          │ random(4) for more       │
       │          │                          │ information.             │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%H"      │ Host name                │ The hostname of the      │
       │          │                          │ running system at the    │
       │          │                          │ point in time the unit   │
       │          │                          │ configuation is loaded.  │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%v"      │ Kernel release           │ Identical to uname -r    │
       │          │                          │ output                   │
       ├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
       │"%%"      │ Single percent sign      │ Use "%%" in place of "%" │
       │          │                          │ to specify a single      │
       │          │                          │ percent sign.            │
       └──────────┴──────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       systemd(1), systemctl(1), systemd.special(7), systemd.service(5), systemd.socket(5),
       systemd.device(5), systemd.mount(5), systemd.automount(5), systemd.swap(5),
       systemd.target(5), systemd.path(5), systemd.timer(5), systemd.snapshot(5),
       systemd.scope(5), systemd.slice(5), systemd.time(7), capabilities(7),
       systemd.directives(7), uname(1)

NOTES
        1. XDG Desktop Entry Specification
           http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/

        2. Interface Stability Promise
           http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfaceStabilityPromise

        3. Generators
           http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Generators/



systemd 215                                                                       SYSTEMD.UNIT(5)


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