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file-hierarchy(7) - phpMan
FILE-HIERARCHY(7) file-hierarchy FILE-HIERARCHY(7)
NAME
file-hierarchy - File system hierarchy overview
DESCRIPTION
Operating systems using the systemd(1) system and service manager are organized based on a
file system hierarchy inspired by UNIX, more specifically the hierarchy described in the
File System Hierarchy[1] specification and hier(7). This manual page describes a more
minimal, modernized subset of these specifications that defines more strictly the
suggestions and restrictions systemd makes on the file system hierarchy.
Many of the paths described here are queriable with the systemd-path(1) tool.
GENERAL STRUCTURE
/
The file system root. Usually writable, but this is not required. Possibly a temporary
file system ("tmpfs"). Not shared with other hosts (unless read-only).
/boot
The boot partition used for bringing up the system. On EFI systems this is possibly
the EFI System Partition, also see systemd-efi-boot-generator(8). This directory is
usually strictly local to the host, and should be considered read-only, except when a
new kernel or boot loader is installed. This directory only exists on systems that run
on physical or emulated hardware that requires boot loaders.
/etc
System-specific configuration. This directory may or may not be read-only. Frequently,
this directory is pre-populated with vendor-supplied configuration files, but
applications should not make assumptions about this directory being fully populated or
populated at all, and should fall back to defaults if configuration is missing.
/home
The location for normal user's home directories. Possibly shared with other systems,
and never read-only. This directory should only be used for normal users, never for
system users. This directory and possibly the directories contained within it might
only become available or writable in late boot or even only after user authentication.
This directory might be placed on limited-functionality network file systems, hence
applications should not assume the full set of file API is available on this
directory. Applications should generally not reference this directory directly, but
via the per-user $HOME environment variable, or via the home directory field of the
user database.
/root
The home directory of the root user. The root user's home directory is located outside
of /home in order to make sure the root user may log in even without /home being
available and mounted.
/srv
The place to store general server payload, managed by the administrator. No
restrictions are made how this directory is organized internally. Generally writable,
and possibly shared among systems. This directory might become available or writable
only very late during boot.
/tmp
The place for small temporary files. This directory is usually mounted as a "tmpfs"
instance, and should hence not be used for larger files. (Use /var/tmp for larger
files.) Since the directory is accessible to other users of the system it is essential
that this directory is only written to with the mkstemp(3), mkdtemp(3) and related
calls. This directory is usually flushed at boot-up. Also, files that are not accessed
within a certain time are usually automatically deleted. If applications find the
environment variable $TMPDIR set they should prefer using the directory specified in
it over directly referencing /tmp (see environ(7) and IEEE Std 1003.1[2] for details).
RUNTIME DATA
/run
A "tmpfs" file system for system packages to place runtime data in. This directory is
flushed on boot, and generally writable for privileged programs only. Always writable.
/run/log
Runtime system logs. System components may place private logs in this directory.
Always writable, even when /var/log might not be accessible yet.
/run/user
Contains per-user runtime directories, each usually individually mounted "tmpfs"
instances. Always writable, flushed at each reboot and when the user logs out. User
code should not reference this directory directly, but via the $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
environment variable, as documented in the XDG Base Directory Specification[3].
VENDOR-SUPPLIED OPERATING SYSTEM RESOURCES
/usr
Vendor-supplied operating system resources. Usually read-only, but this is not
required. Possibly shared between multiple hosts. This directory should not be
modified by the administrator, except when installing or removing vendor-supplied
packages.
/usr/bin
Binaries and executables for user commands, that shall appear in the $PATH search
path. It is recommended not to place binaries in this directory that are not useful
for invocation from a shell (such as daemon binaries); these should be placed in a
subdirectory of /usr/lib instead.
/usr/include
C and C++ API header files of system libraries.
/usr/lib
Static, private vendor data that is compatible with all architectures (though not
necessarily architecture-independent). Note that this includes internal executables or
other binaries that are not regularly invoked from a shell. Such binaries may be for
any architecture supported by the system. Do not place public libraries in this
directory, use $libdir (see below), instead.
/usr/lib/arch-id
Location for placing dynamic libraries, also called $libdir. The architecture
identifier to use is defined on Multiarch Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)[4] list.
Legacy locations of $libdir are /usr/lib, /usr/lib64. This directory should not be
used for package-specific data, unless this data is architecture-dependent, too. To
query $libdir for the primary architecture of the system, invoke:
# pkg-config --variable=libdir systemd
or
# systemd-path system-library-arch
/usr/share
Resources shared between multiple packages, such as documentation, man pages, time
zone information, fonts and other resources. Usually, the precise location and format
of files stored below this directory is subject to specifications that ensure
interoperability.
/usr/share/doc
Documentation for the operating system or system packages.
/usr/share/factory/etc
Repository for vendor-supplied default configuration files. This directory should be
populated with pristine vendor versions of all configuration files that may be placed
in /etc. This is useful to compare the local configuration of a system with vendor
defaults and to populate the local configuration with defaults.
/usr/share/factory/var
Similar to /usr/share/factory/etc but for vendor versions of files in the variable,
persistent data directory /var.
PERSISTENT VARIABLE SYSTEM DATA
/var
Persistent, variable system data. Must be writable. This directory might be
pre-populated with vendor-supplied data, but applications should be able to
reconstruct necessary files and directories in this subhierarchy should they be
missing, as the system might start up without this directory being populated.
Persistency is recommended, but optional, to support ephemeral systems. This directory
might become available or writable only very late during boot. Components that are
required to operate during early boot hence shall not unconditionally rely on this
directory.
/var/cache
Persistent system cache data. System components may place non-essential data in this
directory. Flushing this directory should have no effect on operation of programs,
except for increased runtimes necessary to rebuild these caches.
/var/lib
Persistent system data. System components may place private data in this directory.
/var/log
Persistent system logs. System components may place private logs in this directory,
though it is recommended to do most logging via the syslog(3) and sd_journal_print(3)
calls.
/var/spool
Persistent system spool data, such as printer or mail queues.
/var/tmp
The place for larger and persistent temporary files. In contrast to /tmp this
directory is usually mounted from a persistent physical file system and can thus
accept larger files. (Use /tmp for smaller files.) This directory is generally not
flushed at boot-up, but time-based cleanup of files that have not been accessed for a
certain time is applied. The same security restrictions as with /tmp apply, and hence
only mkstemp(3), mkdtemp(3) or similar calls should be used to make use of this
directory. If applications find the environment variable $TMPDIR set they should
prefer using the directory specified in it over directly referencing /var/tmp (see
environ(7) for details).
VIRTUAL KERNEL AND API FILE SYSTEMS
/dev
The root directory for device nodes. Usually this directory is mounted as a "devtmpfs"
instance, but might be of a different type in sandboxed/containerized setups. This
directory is managed jointly by the kernel and systemd-udevd(8), and should not be
written to by other components. A number of special purpose virtual file systems might
be mounted below this directory.
/dev/shm
Place for POSIX shared memory segments, as created via shm_open(3). This directory is
flushed on boot, and is a "tmpfs" file system. Since all users have write access to
this directory, special care should be taken to avoid name clashes and
vulnerabilities. For normal users, shared memory segments in this directory are
usually deleted when the user logs out. Usually it is a better idea to use memory
mapped files in /run (for system programs) or $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR (for user programs)
instead of POSIX shared memory segments, since those directories are not
world-writable and hence not vulnerable to security-sensitive name clashes.
/proc
A virtual kernel file system exposing the process list and other functionality. This
file system is mostly an API to interface with the kernel and not a place where normal
files may be stored. For details, see proc(5). A number of special purpose virtual
file systems might be mounted below this directory.
/proc/sys
A hierarchy below /proc that exposes a number of kernel tunables. The primary way to
configure the settings in this API file tree is via sysctl.d(5) files. In
sandboxed/containerized setups this directory is generally mounted read-only.
/sys
A virtual kernel file system exposing discovered devices and other functionality. This
file system is mostly an API to interface with the kernel and not a place where normal
files may be stored. In sandboxed/containerized setups this directory is generally
mounted read-only. A number of special purpose virtual file systems might be mounted
below this directory.
COMPATIBILITY SYMLINKS
/bin, /sbin, /usr/sbin
These compatibility symlinks point to /usr/bin, ensuring that scripts and binaries
referencing these legacy paths correctly find their binaries.
/lib
This compatibility symlink points to /usr/lib, ensuring that programs referencing this
legacy path correctly find their resources.
/lib64
On some architecture ABIs this compatibility symlink points to $libdir, ensuring that
binaries referencing this legacy path correctly find their dynamic loader. This
symlink only exists on architectures whose ABI places the dynamic loader in this path.
/var/run
This compatibility symlink points to /run, ensuring that programs referencing this
legacy path correctly find their runtime data.
HOME DIRECTORY
User applications may want to place files and directories in the user's home directory.
They should follow the following basic structure. Note that some of these directories are
also standardized (though more weakly) by the XDG Base Directory Specification[3].
Additional locations for high-level user resources are defined by xdg-user-dirs[5].
~/.cache
Persistent user cache data. User programs may place non-essential data in this
directory. Flushing this directory should have no effect on operation of programs,
except for increased runtimes necessary to rebuild these caches. If an application
finds $XDG_CACHE_HOME set is should use the directory specified in it instead of this
directory.
~/.config
Application configuration and state. When a new user is created this directory will be
empty or not exist at all. Applications should fall back to defaults should their
configuration or state in this directory be missing. If an application finds
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME set is should use the directory specified in it instead of this
directory.
~/.local/bin
Executables that shall appear in the user's $PATH search path. It is recommended not
to place executables in this directory that are not useful for invocation from a
shell; these should be placed in a subdirectory of ~/.local/lib instead. Care should
be taken when placing architecture-dependent binaries in this place which might be
problematic if the home directory is shared between multiple hosts with different
architectures.
~/.local/lib
Static, private vendor data that is compatible with all architectures.
~/.local/lib/arch-id
Location for placing public dynamic libraries. The architecture identifier to use, is
defined on Multiarch Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)[4] list.
~/.local/share
Resources shared between multiple packages, such as fonts or artwork. Usually, the
precise location and format of files stored below this directory is subject to
specifications that ensure interoperability. If an application finds $XDG_DATA_HOME
set is should use the directory specified in it instead of this directory.
UNPRIVILEGED WRITE ACCESS
Unprivileged processes generally lack write access to most of the hierarchy.
The exceptions for normal users are /tmp, /var/tmp, /dev/shm, as well as the home
directory $HOME (usually found below /home) and the runtime directory $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
(found below /run/user) of the user, which are all writable.
For unprivileged system processes only /tmp, /var/tmp and /dev/shm are writable. If an
unprivileged system process needs a private, writable directory in /var or /run, it is
recommended to either create it before dropping privileges in the daemon code, to create
it via tmpfiles.d(5) fragments during boot, or via the RuntimeDirectory= directive of
service units (see systemd.unit(5) for details).
NODE TYPES
Unix file systems support different types of file nodes, including regular files,
directories, symlinks, character and block device nodes, sockets and FIFOs.
It is strongly recommended that /dev is the only location below which device nodes shall
be placed. Similar, /run shall be the only location to place sockets and FIFOs. Regular
files, directories and symlinks may be used in all directories.
SYSTEM PACKAGES
Developers of system packages should follow strict rules when placing their own files in
the file system. The following table lists recommended locations for specific types of
files supplied by the vendor.
Table 1. System Package Vendor Files Locations
┌─────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├─────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/bin │ Package executables that shall │
│ │ appear in the $PATH executable │
│ │ search path, compiled for any of │
│ │ the supported architectures │
│ │ compatible with the operating │
│ │ system. It is not recommended to │
│ │ place internal binaries or │
│ │ binaries that are not commonly │
│ │ invoked from the shell in this │
│ │ directory, such as daemon │
│ │ binaries. As this directory is │
│ │ shared with most other packages │
│ │ of the system special care │
│ │ should be taken to pick unique │
│ │ names for files placed here, │
│ │ that are unlikely to clash with │
│ │ other package's files. │
├─────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/lib/arch-id │ Public shared libraries of the │
│ │ package. As above, be careful │
│ │ with using too generic names, │
│ │ and pick unique names for your │
│ │ libraries to place here to avoid │
│ │ name clashes. │
├─────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/lib/package │ Private, static vendor resources │
│ │ of the package, including │
│ │ private binaries and libraries, │
│ │ or any other kind of read-only │
│ │ vendor data. │
├─────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/lib/arch-id/package │ Private other vendor resources │
│ │ of the package that are │
│ │ architecture-specific and cannot │
│ │ be shared between architectures. │
│ │ Note that this generally does │
│ │ not include private executables │
│ │ since binaries of a specific │
│ │ architecture may be freely │
│ │ invoked from any other supported │
│ │ system architecture. │
├─────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/include/package │ Public C/C++ APIs of public │
│ │ shared libraries of the package. │
└─────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
Additional static vendor files may be installed in the /usr/share hierarchy, to the
locations defined by the various relevant specifications.
During runtime and for local configuration and state additional directories are defined:
Table 2. System Package Variable Files Locations
┌───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/etc/package │ System-specific configuration │
│ │ for the package. It is │
│ │ recommended to default to safe │
│ │ fallbacks if this configuration │
│ │ is missing, if this is possible. │
│ │ Alternatively, a tmpfiles.d(5) │
│ │ fragment may be used to copy or │
│ │ symlink the necessary files and │
│ │ directories from │
│ │ /usr/share/factory during boot, │
│ │ via the "L" or "C" directives. │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/run/package │ Runtime data for the package. │
│ │ Packages must be able to create │
│ │ the necessary subdirectories in │
│ │ this tree on their own, since │
│ │ the directory is flushed │
│ │ automatically on boot. │
│ │ Alternatively, a tmpfiles.d(5) │
│ │ fragment may be used to create │
│ │ the necessary directories during │
│ │ boot. Alternatively, the │
│ │ RuntimeDirectory= directive of │
│ │ service units may be used (see │
│ │ systemd.unit(5) for details.) │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/run/log/package │ Runtime log data for the │
│ │ package. As above, the package │
│ │ needs to make sure to create │
│ │ this directory if necessary, as │
│ │ it will be flushed on every │
│ │ boot. │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/cache/package │ Persistent cache data of the │
│ │ package. If this directory is │
│ │ flushed the application should │
│ │ work correctly on next │
│ │ invocation, though possibly │
│ │ slowed down due to the need to │
│ │ rebuild any local cache files. │
│ │ The application must be capable │
│ │ of recreating this directory │
│ │ should it be missing and │
│ │ necessary. │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/lib/package │ Persistent private data of the │
│ │ package. This is the primary │
│ │ place to put persistent data │
│ │ that does not fall into the │
│ │ other categories listed. │
│ │ Packages should be able to │
│ │ create the necessary │
│ │ subdirectories in this tree on │
│ │ their own, since the directory │
│ │ might be missing on boot. │
│ │ Alternatively, a tmpfiles.d(5) │
│ │ fragment may be used to create │
│ │ the necessary directories during │
│ │ boot. │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/log/package │ Persistent log data of the │
│ │ package. As above, the package │
│ │ should make sure to create this │
│ │ directory if necessary, as it │
│ │ might be missing. │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/spool/package │ Persistent spool/queue data of │
│ │ the package. As above, the │
│ │ package should make sure to │
│ │ create this directory if │
│ │ necessary, as it might be │
│ │ missing. │
└───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
USER PACKAGES
Programs running in user context should follow strict rules when placing their own files
in the user's home directory. The following table lists recommended locations in the home
directory for specific types of files supplied by the vendor if the application is
installed in the home directory. (Note however, that user applications installed
system-wide should follow the rules outlined above regarding placing vendor files.)
Table 3. User Package Vendor File Locations
┌─────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├─────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/bin │ Package executables that shall │
│ │ appear in the $PATH executable │
│ │ search path. It is not │
│ │ recommended to place internal │
│ │ executables or executables that │
│ │ are not commonly invoked from │
│ │ the shell in this directory, │
│ │ such as daemon executables. As │
│ │ this directory is shared with │
│ │ most other packages of the user │
│ │ special care should be taken to │
│ │ pick unique names for files │
│ │ placed here, that are unlikely │
│ │ to clash with other package's │
│ │ files. │
├─────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/lib/arch-id │ Public shared libraries of the │
│ │ package. As above, be careful │
│ │ with using too generic names, │
│ │ and pick unique names for your │
│ │ libraries to place here to avoid │
│ │ name clashes. │
├─────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/lib/package │ Private, static vendor resources │
│ │ of the package, compatible wih │
│ │ any architecture, or any other │
│ │ kind of read-only vendor data. │
├─────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/lib/arch-id/package │ Private other vendor resources │
│ │ of the package that are │
│ │ architecture-specific and cannot │
│ │ be shared between architectures. │
└─────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
Additional static vendor files may be installed in the ~/.local/share hierarchy, to the
locations defined by the various relevant specifications.
During runtime and for local configuration and state additional directories are defined:
Table 4. User Package Variable File Locations
┌─────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├─────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.config/package │ User-specific configuration and │
│ │ state for the package. It is │
│ │ required to default to safe │
│ │ fallbacks if this configuration │
│ │ is missing. │
├─────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/package │ User runtime data for the │
│ │ package. │
├─────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.cache/package │ Persistent cache data of the │
│ │ package. If this directory is │
│ │ flushed the application should │
│ │ work correctly on next │
│ │ invocation, though possibly │
│ │ slowed down due to the need to │
│ │ rebuild any local cache files. │
│ │ The application must be capable │
│ │ of recreating this directory │
│ │ should it be missing and │
│ │ necessary. │
└─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
SEE ALSO
systemd(1), hier(7), systemd-path(1), systemd-efi-boot-generator(8), sysctl.d(5),
tmpfiles.d(5), pkg-config(1), systemd.unit(5)
NOTES
1. File System Hierarchy
http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_2.3/fhs-2.3.html
2. IEEE Std 1003.1
http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_03
3. XDG Base Directory Specification
http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html
4. Multiarch Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)
https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/Tuples
5. xdg-user-dirs
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xdg-user-dirs/
systemd 215 FILE-HIERARCHY(7)
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